Fix values shown in the quantize tool help (#2735)

Co-authored-by: Iwan Kawrakow <iwan.kawrakow@gmail.com>

.gitignore

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 *.o
 *.a
 *.so
+*.gguf
+*.bin
 .DS_Store
 .build/
 .cache/
@@ -39,13 +41,17 @@ models-mnt
 /perplexity
 /embedding
 /train-text-from-scratch
+/convert-llama2c-to-ggml
 /simple
 /benchmark-matmult
 /vdot
 /server
 /Pipfile
 /embd-input-test
+/gguf
+/gguf-llama-simple
 /libllama.so
+/llama-bench
 build-info.h
 arm_neon.h
 compile_commands.json
@@ -62,12 +68,12 @@ perf-*.txt
 
 examples/jeopardy/results.txt
 
-
 pyproject.toml
 poetry.lock
 poetry.toml
 
 # Test binaries
+tests/test-grammar-parser
 tests/test-double-float
 tests/test-grad0
 tests/test-opt

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ option(LLAMA_BLAS                            "llama: use BLAS"
 set(LLAMA_BLAS_VENDOR "Generic" CACHE STRING "llama: BLAS library vendor")
 option(LLAMA_CUBLAS                          "llama: use CUDA"                                  OFF)
 #option(LLAMA_CUDA_CUBLAS                     "llama: use cuBLAS for prompt processing"          OFF)
-set(LLAMA_CUDA_MMQ_Y       "64" CACHE STRING "llama: y tile size for mmq CUDA kernels")
 option(LLAMA_CUDA_FORCE_DMMV                 "llama: use dmmv instead of mmvq CUDA kernels"     OFF)
 set(LLAMA_CUDA_DMMV_X      "32" CACHE STRING "llama: x stride for dmmv CUDA kernels")
 set(LLAMA_CUDA_MMV_Y        "1" CACHE STRING "llama: y block size for mmv CUDA kernels")
@@ -256,7 +255,6 @@ if (LLAMA_CUBLAS)
 #        if (LLAMA_CUDA_CUBLAS)
 #            add_compile_definitions(GGML_CUDA_CUBLAS)
 #        endif()
-        add_compile_definitions(GGML_CUDA_MMQ_Y=${LLAMA_CUDA_MMQ_Y})
         if (LLAMA_CUDA_FORCE_DMMV)
             add_compile_definitions(GGML_CUDA_FORCE_DMMV)
         endif()
@@ -280,8 +278,8 @@ if (LLAMA_CUBLAS)
         # 52 == lowest CUDA 12 standard
         # 60 == f16 CUDA intrinsics
         # 61 == integer CUDA intrinsics
-        # 70 == (assumed) compute capability at which unrolling a loop in mul_mat_q kernels is faster
-        if (LLAMA_CUDA_DMMV_F16)
+        # 70 == compute capability at which unrolling a loop in mul_mat_q kernels is faster
+        if (LLAMA_CUDA_F16 OR LLAMA_CUDA_DMMV_F16)
             set(CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES "60;61;70") # needed for f16 CUDA intrinsics
         else()
             set(CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES "52;61;70") # lowest CUDA 12 standard + lowest for integer intrinsics
@@ -298,7 +296,6 @@ if (LLAMA_METAL)
     find_library(FOUNDATION_LIBRARY         Foundation              REQUIRED)
     find_library(METAL_FRAMEWORK            Metal                   REQUIRED)
     find_library(METALKIT_FRAMEWORK         MetalKit                REQUIRED)
-    find_library(METALPERFORMANCE_FRAMEWORK MetalPerformanceShaders REQUIRED)
 
     set(GGML_SOURCES_METAL ggml-metal.m ggml-metal.h)
 
@@ -315,7 +312,6 @@ if (LLAMA_METAL)
         ${FOUNDATION_LIBRARY}
         ${METAL_FRAMEWORK}
         ${METALKIT_FRAMEWORK}
-        ${METALPERFORMANCE_FRAMEWORK}
         )
 endif()
 
@@ -501,9 +497,11 @@ else()
 endif()
 
 #
-# Build libraries
+# libraries
 #
 
+# ggml
+
 add_library(ggml OBJECT
             ggml.c
             ggml.h
@@ -528,10 +526,11 @@ if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
     install(TARGETS ggml_shared LIBRARY)
 endif()
 
+# llama
+
 add_library(llama
             llama.cpp
             llama.h
-            llama-util.h
             )
 
 target_include_directories(llama PUBLIC .)
@@ -550,6 +549,10 @@ if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
     install(TARGETS llama LIBRARY)
 endif()
 
+#
+# install
+#
+
 include(GNUInstallDirs)
 install(
     FILES convert.py
@@ -573,11 +576,23 @@ install(
         WORLD_READ
         WORLD_EXECUTE
     DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
+if (LLAMA_METAL)
+    install(
+        FILES ggml-metal.metal
+        PERMISSIONS
+            OWNER_READ
+            OWNER_WRITE
+            GROUP_READ
+            WORLD_READ
+        DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
+endif()
 
 #
 # programs, examples and tests
 #
 
+add_subdirectory(common)
+
 if (LLAMA_BUILD_TESTS AND NOT CMAKE_JS_VERSION)
     include(CTest)
     add_subdirectory(tests)

Makefile

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Define the default target now so that it is always the first target
-BUILD_TARGETS = main quantize quantize-stats perplexity embedding vdot train-text-from-scratch simple server embd-input-test
+BUILD_TARGETS = main quantize quantize-stats perplexity embedding vdot train-text-from-scratch convert-llama2c-to-ggml simple server embd-input-test gguf llama-bench
 
 # Binaries only useful for tests
-TEST_TARGETS = tests/test-double-float tests/test-grad0 tests/test-opt tests/test-quantize-fns tests/test-quantize-perf tests/test-sampling tests/test-tokenizer-0
+TEST_TARGETS = tests/test-llama-grammar tests/test-grammar-parser tests/test-double-float tests/test-grad0 tests/test-opt tests/test-quantize-fns tests/test-quantize-perf tests/test-sampling tests/test-tokenizer-0
 
 default: $(BUILD_TARGETS)
 
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ OPT = -Ofast
 else
 OPT = -O3
 endif
-CFLAGS   = -I.              $(OPT) -std=c11   -fPIC
-CXXFLAGS = -I. -I./examples $(OPT) -std=c++11 -fPIC
+CFLAGS   = -I.            $(OPT) -std=c11   -fPIC
+CXXFLAGS = -I. -I./common $(OPT) -std=c++11 -fPIC
 LDFLAGS  =
 
 ifdef LLAMA_DEBUG
@@ -142,6 +142,28 @@ ifeq ($(UNAME_M),$(filter $(UNAME_M),x86_64 i686 amd64))
 	#CXXFLAGS += -mssse3
 endif
 
+ifneq ($(filter aarch64%,$(UNAME_M)),)
+	# Apple M1, M2, etc.
+	# Raspberry Pi 3, 4, Zero 2 (64-bit)
+	CFLAGS   += -mcpu=native
+	CXXFLAGS += -mcpu=native
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(filter armv6%,$(UNAME_M)),)
+	# Raspberry Pi 1, Zero
+	CFLAGS += -mfpu=neon-fp-armv8 -mfp16-format=ieee -mno-unaligned-access
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(filter armv7%,$(UNAME_M)),)
+	# Raspberry Pi 2
+	CFLAGS += -mfpu=neon-fp-armv8 -mfp16-format=ieee -mno-unaligned-access -funsafe-math-optimizations
+endif
+
+ifneq ($(filter armv8%,$(UNAME_M)),)
+	# Raspberry Pi 3, 4, Zero 2 (32-bit)
+	CFLAGS += -mfp16-format=ieee -mno-unaligned-access
+endif
+
 ifneq ($(filter ppc64%,$(UNAME_M)),)
 	POWER9_M := $(shell grep "POWER9" /proc/cpuinfo)
 	ifneq (,$(findstring POWER9,$(POWER9_M)))
@@ -231,11 +253,6 @@ ifdef LLAMA_CUDA_KQUANTS_ITER
 else
 	NVCCFLAGS += -DK_QUANTS_PER_ITERATION=2
 endif
-ifdef LLAMA_CUDA_MMQ_Y
-	NVCCFLAGS += -DGGML_CUDA_MMQ_Y=$(LLAMA_CUDA_MMQ_Y)
-else
-	NVCCFLAGS += -DGGML_CUDA_MMQ_Y=64
-endif # LLAMA_CUDA_MMQ_Y
 #ifdef LLAMA_CUDA_CUBLAS
 #	NVCCFLAGS += -DGGML_CUDA_CUBLAS
 #endif # LLAMA_CUDA_CUBLAS
@@ -266,32 +283,10 @@ endif # LLAMA_CLBLAST
 ifdef LLAMA_METAL
 	CFLAGS   += -DGGML_USE_METAL -DGGML_METAL_NDEBUG
 	CXXFLAGS += -DGGML_USE_METAL
-	LDFLAGS  += -framework Foundation -framework Metal -framework MetalKit -framework MetalPerformanceShaders
+	LDFLAGS  += -framework Foundation -framework Metal -framework MetalKit
 	OBJS     += ggml-metal.o
 endif # LLAMA_METAL
 
-ifneq ($(filter aarch64%,$(UNAME_M)),)
-	# Apple M1, M2, etc.
-	# Raspberry Pi 3, 4, Zero 2 (64-bit)
-	CFLAGS   += -mcpu=native
-	CXXFLAGS += -mcpu=native
-endif
-
-ifneq ($(filter armv6%,$(UNAME_M)),)
-	# Raspberry Pi 1, Zero
-	CFLAGS += -mfpu=neon-fp-armv8 -mfp16-format=ieee -mno-unaligned-access
-endif
-
-ifneq ($(filter armv7%,$(UNAME_M)),)
-	# Raspberry Pi 2
-	CFLAGS += -mfpu=neon-fp-armv8 -mfp16-format=ieee -mno-unaligned-access -funsafe-math-optimizations
-endif
-
-ifneq ($(filter armv8%,$(UNAME_M)),)
-	# Raspberry Pi 3, 4, Zero 2 (32-bit)
-	CFLAGS += -mfp16-format=ieee -mno-unaligned-access
-endif
-
 ifdef LLAMA_METAL
 ggml-metal.o: ggml-metal.m ggml-metal.h
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
@@ -334,26 +329,29 @@ ggml-alloc.o: ggml-alloc.c ggml.h ggml-alloc.h
 
 OBJS += ggml-alloc.o
 
-llama.o: llama.cpp ggml.h ggml-alloc.h ggml-cuda.h ggml-metal.h llama.h llama-util.h
+llama.o: llama.cpp ggml.h ggml-alloc.h ggml-cuda.h ggml-metal.h llama.h
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
 
-common.o: examples/common.cpp examples/common.h
+common.o: common/common.cpp common/common.h
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
 
-grammar-parser.o: examples/grammar-parser.cpp examples/grammar-parser.h
+console.o: common/console.cpp common/console.h
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+grammar-parser.o: common/grammar-parser.cpp common/grammar-parser.h
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
 
 libllama.so: llama.o ggml.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -shared -fPIC -o $@ $^ $(LDFLAGS)
 
 clean:
-	rm -vf *.o *.so *.dll main quantize quantize-stats perplexity embedding benchmark-matmult save-load-state server simple vdot train-text-from-scratch embd-input-test build-info.h $(TEST_TARGETS)
+	rm -vf *.o *.so *.dll main quantize quantize-stats perplexity embedding benchmark-matmult save-load-state server simple vdot train-text-from-scratch convert-llama2c-to-ggml embd-input-test gguf llama-bench build-info.h $(TEST_TARGETS)
 
 #
 # Examples
 #
 
-main: examples/main/main.cpp                                  build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o grammar-parser.o $(OBJS)
+main: examples/main/main.cpp                                  build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o console.o grammar-parser.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
 	@echo
 	@echo '====  Run ./main -h for help.  ===='
@@ -377,7 +375,7 @@ embedding: examples/embedding/embedding.cpp                   build-info.h ggml.
 save-load-state: examples/save-load-state/save-load-state.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
 
-server: examples/server/server.cpp examples/server/httplib.h examples/server/json.hpp examples/server/index.html.hpp examples/server/index.js.hpp examples/server/completion.js.hpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
+server: examples/server/server.cpp examples/server/httplib.h examples/server/json.hpp examples/server/index.html.hpp examples/server/index.js.hpp examples/server/completion.js.hpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o grammar-parser.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -Iexamples/server $(filter-out %.h,$(filter-out %.hpp,$^)) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS) $(LWINSOCK2)
 
 $(LIB_PRE)embdinput$(DSO_EXT): examples/embd-input/embd-input.h examples/embd-input/embd-input-lib.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
@@ -387,7 +385,16 @@ $(LIB_PRE)embdinput$(DSO_EXT): examples/embd-input/embd-input.h examples/embd-in
 embd-input-test: $(LIB_PRE)embdinput$(DSO_EXT) examples/embd-input/embd-input-test.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %$(DSO_EXT),$(filter-out %.h,$(filter-out %.hpp,$^))) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS) -L. -lembdinput
 
-train-text-from-scratch: examples/train-text-from-scratch/train-text-from-scratch.cpp    build-info.h ggml.o llama.o $(OBJS)
+gguf: examples/gguf/gguf.cpp                                  build-info.h ggml.o llama.o $(OBJS)
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
+
+train-text-from-scratch: examples/train-text-from-scratch/train-text-from-scratch.cpp    build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
+
+convert-llama2c-to-ggml: examples/convert-llama2c-to-ggml/convert-llama2c-to-ggml.cpp    build-info.h ggml.o llama.o $(OBJS)
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
+
+llama-bench: examples/llama-bench/llama-bench.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
 
 build-info.h: $(wildcard .git/index) scripts/build-info.sh
@@ -411,13 +418,19 @@ benchmark-matmult: examples/benchmark/benchmark-matmult.cpp build-info.h ggml.o
 vdot: pocs/vdot/vdot.cpp ggml.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $^ -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
 
-tests/test-double-float: tests/test-double-float.c build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
+tests/test-llama-grammar: tests/test-llama-grammar.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.txt,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
 
-tests/test-grad0: tests/test-grad0.c build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
+tests/test-grammar-parser: tests/test-grammar-parser.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.txt,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
 
-tests/test-opt: tests/test-opt.c build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
+tests/test-double-float: tests/test-double-float.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.txt,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
+
+tests/test-grad0: tests/test-grad0.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.txt,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
+
+tests/test-opt: tests/test-opt.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.txt,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
 
 tests/test-quantize-fns: tests/test-quantize-fns.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)

README.md

@@ -9,13 +9,19 @@
 
 Inference of [LLaMA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13971) model in pure C/C++
 
-**Hot topics:**
+### Hot topics
 
-- Simple web chat example: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/1998
-- k-quants now support super-block size of 64: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/2001
-- New roadmap: https://github.com/users/ggerganov/projects/7
-- Azure CI brainstorming: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/discussions/1985
-- p1 : LLM-based code completion engine at the edge : https://github.com/ggml-org/p1/discussions/1
+A new file format has been introduced: [GGUF](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/2398)
+
+Last revision compatible with the old format: [dadbed9](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/commit/dadbed99e65252d79f81101a392d0d6497b86caa)
+
+### Current `master` should be considered in Beta - expect some issues for a few days!
+
+### Be prepared to re-convert and / or re-quantize your GGUF models while this notice is up!
+
+### Issues with non-GGUF models will be considered with low priority!
+
+----
 
 <details>
   <summary>Table of Contents</summary>
@@ -33,6 +39,7 @@ Inference of [LLaMA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13971) model in pure C/C++
         <li><a href="#memorydisk-requirements">Memory/Disk Requirements</a></li>
         <li><a href="#quantization">Quantization</a></li>
         <li><a href="#interactive-mode">Interactive mode</a></li>
+        <li><a href="#constrained-output-with-grammars">Constrained output with grammars</a></li>
         <li><a href="#instruction-mode-with-alpaca">Instruction mode with Alpaca</a></li>
         <li><a href="#using-openllama">Using OpenLLaMA</a></li>
         <li><a href="#using-gpt4all">Using GPT4All</a></li>
@@ -80,7 +87,7 @@ as the main playground for developing new features for the [ggml](https://github
 - [x] LLaMA 2 🦙🦙
 - [X] [Alpaca](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp#instruction-mode-with-alpaca)
 - [X] [GPT4All](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp#using-gpt4all)
-- [X] [Chinese LLaMA / Alpaca](https://github.com/ymcui/Chinese-LLaMA-Alpaca)
+- [X] [Chinese LLaMA / Alpaca](https://github.com/ymcui/Chinese-LLaMA-Alpaca) and [Chinese LLaMA-2 / Alpaca-2](https://github.com/ymcui/Chinese-LLaMA-Alpaca-2)
 - [X] [Vigogne (French)](https://github.com/bofenghuang/vigogne)
 - [X] [Vicuna](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/discussions/643#discussioncomment-5533894)
 - [X] [Koala](https://bair.berkeley.edu/blog/2023/04/03/koala/)
@@ -88,6 +95,7 @@ as the main playground for developing new features for the [ggml](https://github
 - [X] [Pygmalion 7B / Metharme 7B](#using-pygmalion-7b--metharme-7b)
 - [X] [WizardLM](https://github.com/nlpxucan/WizardLM)
 - [X] [Baichuan-7B](https://huggingface.co/baichuan-inc/baichuan-7B) and its derivations (such as [baichuan-7b-sft](https://huggingface.co/hiyouga/baichuan-7b-sft))
+- [X] [Aquila-7B](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/Aquila-7B) / [AquilaChat-7B](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/AquilaChat-7B)
 
 **Bindings:**
 
@@ -95,8 +103,10 @@ as the main playground for developing new features for the [ggml](https://github
 - Go: [go-skynet/go-llama.cpp](https://github.com/go-skynet/go-llama.cpp)
 - Node.js: [hlhr202/llama-node](https://github.com/hlhr202/llama-node)
 - Ruby: [yoshoku/llama_cpp.rb](https://github.com/yoshoku/llama_cpp.rb)
+- Rust: [mdrokz/rust-llama.cpp](https://github.com/mdrokz/rust-llama.cpp)
 - C#/.NET: [SciSharp/LLamaSharp](https://github.com/SciSharp/LLamaSharp)
 - Scala 3: [donderom/llm4s](https://github.com/donderom/llm4s)
+- Clojure: [phronmophobic/llama.clj](https://github.com/phronmophobic/llama.clj)
 
 **UI:**
 
@@ -237,12 +247,17 @@ In order to build llama.cpp you have three different options.
     cmake --build . --config Release
     ```
 
-- Using `Zig`:
+- Using `Zig` (version 0.11 or later):
+
+    Building for optimization levels and CPU features can be accomplished using standard build arguments, for example AVX2, FMA, F16C,
+    it's also possible to cross compile for other operating systems and architectures:
 
     ```bash
-    zig build -Doptimize=ReleaseFast
+    zig build -Doptimize=ReleaseFast -Dtarget=x86_64-windows-gnu -Dcpu=x86_64+avx2+fma+f16c
     ```
 
+    The `zig targets` command will give you valid options to use.
+
 -   Using `gmake` (FreeBSD):
 
     1. Install and activate [DRM in FreeBSD](https://wiki.freebsd.org/Graphics)
@@ -283,7 +298,7 @@ When built with Metal support, you can enable GPU inference with the `--gpu-laye
 Any value larger than 0 will offload the computation to the GPU. For example:
 
 ```bash
-./main -m ./models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin -n 128 -ngl 1
+./main -m ./models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -n 128 -ngl 1
 ```
 
 ### MPI Build
@@ -322,7 +337,7 @@ The above will distribute the computation across 2 processes on the first host a
 Finally, you're ready to run a computation using `mpirun`:
 
 ```bash
-mpirun -hostfile hostfile -n 3 ./main -m ./models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin -n 128
+mpirun -hostfile hostfile -n 3 ./main -m ./models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -n 128
 ```
 
 ### BLAS Build
@@ -405,10 +420,9 @@ Building the program with BLAS support may lead to some performance improvements
 --->
   | Option                  | Legal values           | Default | Description |
   |-------------------------|------------------------|---------|-------------|
-  | LLAMA_CUDA_MMQ_Y        | Positive integer >= 32 |      64 | Tile size in y direction when using the custom CUDA kernels for prompt processing. Higher values can be faster depending on the amount of shared memory available. Power of 2 heavily recommended. |
   | LLAMA_CUDA_FORCE_DMMV   | Boolean                |   false | Force the use of dequantization + matrix vector multiplication kernels instead of using kernels that do matrix vector multiplication on quantized data. By default the decision is made based on compute capability (MMVQ for 6.1/Pascal/GTX 1000 or higher). Does not affect k-quants. |
   | LLAMA_CUDA_DMMV_X       | Positive integer >= 32 |      32 | Number of values in x direction processed by the CUDA dequantization + matrix vector multiplication kernel per iteration. Increasing this value can improve performance on fast GPUs. Power of 2 heavily recommended. Does not affect k-quants. |
-  | LLAMA_CUDA_MMV_Y        | Positive integer       |       1 | Block size in y direction for the CUDA mul mat vec kernels. Increasing this value can improve performance on fast GPUs. Power of 2 recommended. Does not affect k-quants. |
+  | LLAMA_CUDA_MMV_Y        | Positive integer       |       1 | Block size in y direction for the CUDA mul mat vec kernels. Increasing this value can improve performance on fast GPUs. Power of 2 recommended. |
   | LLAMA_CUDA_F16          | Boolean                |   false | If enabled, use half-precision floating point arithmetic for the CUDA dequantization + mul mat vec kernels and for the q4_1 and q5_1 matrix matrix multiplication kernels. Can improve performance on relatively recent GPUs. |
   | LLAMA_CUDA_KQUANTS_ITER | 1 or 2                 |       2 | Number of values processed per iteration and per CUDA thread for Q2_K and Q6_K quantization formats. Setting this value to 1 can improve performance for slow GPUs. |
 
@@ -492,6 +506,9 @@ Building the program with BLAS support may lead to some performance improvements
 # obtain the original LLaMA model weights and place them in ./models
 ls ./models
 65B 30B 13B 7B tokenizer_checklist.chk tokenizer.model
+  # [Optional] for models using BPE tokenizers
+  ls ./models
+  65B 30B 13B 7B vocab.json
 
 # install Python dependencies
 python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
@@ -499,11 +516,14 @@ python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
 # convert the 7B model to ggml FP16 format
 python3 convert.py models/7B/
 
+  # [Optional] for models using BPE tokenizers
+  python convert.py models/7B/ --vocabtype bpe
+
 # quantize the model to 4-bits (using q4_0 method)
-./quantize ./models/7B/ggml-model-f16.bin ./models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin q4_0
+./quantize ./models/7B/ggml-model-f16.gguf ./models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf q4_0
 
 # run the inference
-./main -m ./models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin -n 128
+./main -m ./models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -n 128
 ```
 
 When running the larger models, make sure you have enough disk space to store all the intermediate files.
@@ -559,7 +579,7 @@ Here is an example of a few-shot interaction, invoked with the command
 ./examples/chat-13B.sh
 
 # custom arguments using a 13B model
-./main -m ./models/13B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin -n 256 --repeat_penalty 1.0 --color -i -r "User:" -f prompts/chat-with-bob.txt
+./main -m ./models/13B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -n 256 --repeat_penalty 1.0 --color -i -r "User:" -f prompts/chat-with-bob.txt
 ```
 
 Note the use of `--color` to distinguish between user input and generated text. Other parameters are explained in more detail in the [README](examples/main/README.md) for the `main` example program.
@@ -585,6 +605,16 @@ PROMPT_TEMPLATE=./prompts/chat-with-bob.txt PROMPT_CACHE_FILE=bob.prompt.bin \
     CHAT_SAVE_DIR=./chat/bob ./examples/chat-persistent.sh
 ```
 
+### Constrained output with grammars
+
+`llama.cpp` supports grammars to constrain model output. For example, you can force the model to output JSON only:
+
+```bash
+./main -m ./models/13B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -n 256 --grammar-file grammars/json.gbnf -p 'Request: schedule a call at 8pm; Command:'
+```
+
+The `grammars/` folder contains a handful of sample grammars. To write your own, check out the [GBNF Guide](./grammars/README.md).
+
 ### Instruction mode with Alpaca
 
 1. First, download the `ggml` Alpaca model into the `./models` folder
@@ -622,6 +652,8 @@ OpenLLaMA is an openly licensed reproduction of Meta's original LLaMA model. It
 
 ### Using [GPT4All](https://github.com/nomic-ai/gpt4all)
 
+*Note: these instructions are likely obsoleted by the GGUF update*
+
 - Obtain the `tokenizer.model` file from LLaMA model and put it to `models`
 - Obtain the `added_tokens.json` file from Alpaca model and put it to `models`
 - Obtain the `gpt4all-lora-quantized.bin` file from GPT4All model and put it to `models/gpt4all-7B`
@@ -697,7 +729,7 @@ If your issue is with model generation quality, then please at least scan the fo
 #### How to run
 
 1. Download/extract: https://s3.amazonaws.com/research.metamind.io/wikitext/wikitext-2-raw-v1.zip?ref=salesforce-research
-2. Run `./perplexity -m models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin -f wiki.test.raw`
+2. Run `./perplexity -m models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -f wiki.test.raw`
 3. Output:
 ```
 perplexity : calculating perplexity over 655 chunks
@@ -796,13 +828,13 @@ docker run -v /path/to/models:/models ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:full --all-in-
 On completion, you are ready to play!
 
 ```bash
-docker run -v /path/to/models:/models ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:full --run -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512
+docker run -v /path/to/models:/models ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:full --run -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512
 ```
 
 or with a light image:
 
 ```bash
-docker run -v /path/to/models:/models ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:light -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512
+docker run -v /path/to/models:/models ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:light -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512
 ```
 
 ### Docker With CUDA
@@ -833,8 +865,8 @@ The resulting images, are essentially the same as the non-CUDA images:
 After building locally, Usage is similar to the non-CUDA examples, but you'll need to add the `--gpus` flag. You will also want to use the `--n-gpu-layers` flag.
 
 ```bash
-docker run --gpus all -v /path/to/models:/models local/llama.cpp:full-cuda --run -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512 --n-gpu-layers 1
-docker run --gpus all -v /path/to/models:/models local/llama.cpp:light-cuda -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512 --n-gpu-layers 1
+docker run --gpus all -v /path/to/models:/models local/llama.cpp:full-cuda --run -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512 --n-gpu-layers 1
+docker run --gpus all -v /path/to/models:/models local/llama.cpp:light-cuda -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512 --n-gpu-layers 1
 ```
 
 ### Contributing
@@ -864,3 +896,4 @@ docker run --gpus all -v /path/to/models:/models local/llama.cpp:light-cuda -m /
 - [BLIS](./docs/BLIS.md)
 - [Performance troubleshooting](./docs/token_generation_performance_tips.md)
 - [GGML tips & tricks](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/wiki/GGML-Tips-&-Tricks)
+- [GBNF grammars](./grammars/README.md)

build.zig

@@ -1,68 +1,121 @@
+// Compatible with Zig Version 0.11.0
 const std = @import("std");
-const commit_hash = @embedFile(".git/refs/heads/master");
+const ArrayList = std.ArrayList;
+const Compile = std.Build.Step.Compile;
+const ConfigHeader = std.Build.Step.ConfigHeader;
+const Mode = std.builtin.Mode;
+const CrossTarget = std.zig.CrossTarget;
 
-// Zig Version: 0.11.0-dev.3986+e05c242cd
-pub fn build(b: *std.build.Builder) void {
-    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
-    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
+const Maker = struct {
+    builder: *std.build.Builder,
+    target: CrossTarget,
+    optimize: Mode,
+    config_header: *ConfigHeader,
+    enable_lto: bool,
 
-    const config_header = b.addConfigHeader(
-        .{ .style = .blank, .include_path = "build-info.h" },
-        .{
-            .BUILD_NUMBER = 0,
-            .BUILD_COMMIT = commit_hash[0 .. commit_hash.len - 1], // omit newline
-        },
-    );
+    include_dirs: ArrayList([]const u8),
+    cflags: ArrayList([]const u8),
+    cxxflags: ArrayList([]const u8),
+    objs: ArrayList(*Compile),
 
-    const lib = b.addStaticLibrary(.{
-        .name = "llama",
-        .target = target,
-        .optimize = optimize,
-    });
-    lib.linkLibC();
-    lib.linkLibCpp();
-    lib.addIncludePath(".");
-    lib.addIncludePath("./examples");
-    lib.addConfigHeader(config_header);
-    lib.addCSourceFiles(&.{"ggml.c"}, &.{"-std=c11"});
-    lib.addCSourceFiles(&.{"llama.cpp"}, &.{"-std=c++11"});
-    b.installArtifact(lib);
+    fn addInclude(m: *Maker, dir: []const u8) !void {
+        try m.include_dirs.append(dir);
+    }
+    fn addProjectInclude(m: *Maker, path: []const []const u8) !void {
+        try m.addInclude(try m.builder.build_root.join(m.builder.allocator, path));
+    }
+    fn addCFlag(m: *Maker, flag: []const u8) !void {
+        try m.cflags.append(flag);
+    }
+    fn addCxxFlag(m: *Maker, flag: []const u8) !void {
+        try m.cxxflags.append(flag);
+    }
+    fn addFlag(m: *Maker, flag: []const u8) !void {
+        try m.addCFlag(flag);
+        try m.addCxxFlag(flag);
+    }
 
-    const examples = .{
-        "main",
-        "baby-llama",
-        "embedding",
-        "metal",
-        "perplexity",
-        "quantize",
-        "quantize-stats",
-        "save-load-state",
-        "server",
-        "simple",
-        "train-text-from-scratch",
-    };
+    fn init(builder: *std.build.Builder) !Maker {
+        const commit_hash = @embedFile(".git/refs/heads/master");
+        const config_header = builder.addConfigHeader(
+            .{ .style = .blank, .include_path = "build-info.h" },
+            .{
+                .BUILD_NUMBER = 0,
+                .BUILD_COMMIT = commit_hash[0 .. commit_hash.len - 1], // omit newline
+            },
+        );
+        var m = Maker{
+            .builder = builder,
+            .target = builder.standardTargetOptions(.{}),
+            .optimize = builder.standardOptimizeOption(.{}),
+            .config_header = config_header,
+            .enable_lto = false,
+            .include_dirs = ArrayList([]const u8).init(builder.allocator),
+            .cflags = ArrayList([]const u8).init(builder.allocator),
+            .cxxflags = ArrayList([]const u8).init(builder.allocator),
+            .objs = ArrayList(*Compile).init(builder.allocator),
+        };
+        try m.addCFlag("-std=c11");
+        try m.addCxxFlag("-std=c++11");
+        try m.addProjectInclude(&.{});
+        try m.addProjectInclude(&.{"examples"});
+        return m;
+    }
 
-    inline for (examples) |example_name| {
-        const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
-            .name = example_name,
-            .target = target,
-            .optimize = optimize,
-        });
-        exe.addIncludePath(".");
-        exe.addIncludePath("./examples");
-        exe.addConfigHeader(config_header);
-        exe.addCSourceFiles(&.{
-            std.fmt.comptimePrint("examples/{s}/{s}.cpp", .{ example_name, example_name }),
-            "examples/common.cpp",
-        }, &.{"-std=c++11"});
-        exe.linkLibrary(lib);
-        b.installArtifact(exe);
+    fn obj(m: *const Maker, name: []const u8, src: []const u8) *Compile {
+        const o = m.builder.addObject(.{ .name = name, .target = m.target, .optimize = m.optimize });
+        if (std.mem.endsWith(u8, src, ".c")) {
+            o.addCSourceFiles(&.{src}, m.cflags.items);
+            o.linkLibC();
+        } else {
+            o.addCSourceFiles(&.{src}, m.cxxflags.items);
+            o.linkLibCpp();
+        }
+        for (m.include_dirs.items) |i| o.addIncludePath(.{ .path = i });
+        o.want_lto = m.enable_lto;
+        return o;
+    }
 
-        const run_cmd = b.addRunArtifact(exe);
-        run_cmd.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
-        if (b.args) |args| run_cmd.addArgs(args);
+    fn exe(m: *const Maker, name: []const u8, src: []const u8, deps: []const *Compile) *Compile {
+        const e = m.builder.addExecutable(.{ .name = name, .target = m.target, .optimize = m.optimize });
+        e.addCSourceFiles(&.{src}, m.cxxflags.items);
+        for (deps) |d| e.addObject(d);
+        for (m.objs.items) |o| e.addObject(o);
+        for (m.include_dirs.items) |i| e.addIncludePath(.{ .path = i });
+        e.linkLibC();
+        e.linkLibCpp();
+        e.addConfigHeader(m.config_header);
+        m.builder.installArtifact(e);
+        e.want_lto = m.enable_lto;
+        return e;
+    }
+};
 
-        const run_step = b.step("run-" ++ example_name, "Run the app");
-        run_step.dependOn(&run_cmd.step);
+pub fn build(b: *std.build.Builder) !void {
+    var make = try Maker.init(b);
+    make.enable_lto = b.option(bool, "lto", "Enable LTO optimization, (default: false)") orelse false;
+
+    if (b.option(bool, "k-quants", "Enable K-quants, (default: true)") orelse true) {
+        try make.addFlag("-DGGML_USE_K_QUANTS");
+        const k_quants = make.obj("k_quants", "k_quants.c");
+        try make.objs.append(k_quants);
+    }
+
+    const ggml = make.obj("ggml", "ggml.c");
+    const ggml_alloc = make.obj("ggml-alloc", "ggml-alloc.c");
+    const llama = make.obj("llama", "llama.cpp");
+    const common = make.obj("common", "examples/common.cpp");
+    const console = make.obj("common", "examples/console.cpp");
+    const grammar_parser = make.obj("grammar-parser", "examples/grammar-parser.cpp");
+
+    _ = make.exe("main", "examples/main/main.cpp", &.{ ggml, ggml_alloc, llama, common, console, grammar_parser });
+    _ = make.exe("quantize", "examples/quantize/quantize.cpp", &.{ ggml, ggml_alloc, llama });
+    _ = make.exe("perplexity", "examples/perplexity/perplexity.cpp", &.{ ggml, ggml_alloc, llama, common });
+    _ = make.exe("embedding", "examples/embedding/embedding.cpp", &.{ ggml, ggml_alloc, llama, common });
+    _ = make.exe("train-text-from-scratch", "examples/train-text-from-scratch/train-text-from-scratch.cpp", &.{ ggml, ggml_alloc, llama });
+
+    const server = make.exe("server", "examples/server/server.cpp", &.{ ggml, ggml_alloc, llama, common, grammar_parser });
+    if (server.target.isWindows()) {
+        server.linkSystemLibrary("ws2_32");
     }
 }

ci/run.sh

@@ -159,17 +159,17 @@ function gg_run_open_llama_3b_v2 {
 
     python3 ../convert.py ${path_models}
 
-    model_f16="${path_models}/ggml-model-f16.bin"
-    model_q8_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q8_0.bin"
-    model_q4_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_0.bin"
-    model_q4_1="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_1.bin"
-    model_q5_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_0.bin"
-    model_q5_1="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_1.bin"
-    model_q2_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q2_k.bin"
-    model_q3_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q3_k.bin"
-    model_q4_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_k.bin"
-    model_q5_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_k.bin"
-    model_q6_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q6_k.bin"
+    model_f16="${path_models}/ggml-model-f16.gguf"
+    model_q8_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q8_0.gguf"
+    model_q4_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf"
+    model_q4_1="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_1.gguf"
+    model_q5_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_0.gguf"
+    model_q5_1="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_1.gguf"
+    model_q2_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q2_k.gguf"
+    model_q3_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q3_k.gguf"
+    model_q4_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_k.gguf"
+    model_q5_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_k.gguf"
+    model_q6_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q6_k.gguf"
 
     wiki_test_60="${path_wiki}/wiki.test-60.raw"
 
@@ -285,17 +285,17 @@ function gg_run_open_llama_7b_v2 {
 
     python3 ../convert.py ${path_models}
 
-    model_f16="${path_models}/ggml-model-f16.bin"
-    model_q8_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q8_0.bin"
-    model_q4_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_0.bin"
-    model_q4_1="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_1.bin"
-    model_q5_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_0.bin"
-    model_q5_1="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_1.bin"
-    model_q2_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q2_k.bin"
-    model_q3_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q3_k.bin"
-    model_q4_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_k.bin"
-    model_q5_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_k.bin"
-    model_q6_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q6_k.bin"
+    model_f16="${path_models}/ggml-model-f16.gguf"
+    model_q8_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q8_0.gguf"
+    model_q4_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf"
+    model_q4_1="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_1.gguf"
+    model_q5_0="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_0.gguf"
+    model_q5_1="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_1.gguf"
+    model_q2_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q2_k.gguf"
+    model_q3_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q3_k.gguf"
+    model_q4_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q4_k.gguf"
+    model_q5_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q5_k.gguf"
+    model_q6_k="${path_models}/ggml-model-q6_k.gguf"
 
     wiki_test="${path_wiki}/wiki.test.raw"
 

common/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# common
+
+set(TARGET common)
+
+add_library(${TARGET} OBJECT
+    common.h
+    common.cpp
+    console.h
+    console.cpp
+    grammar-parser.h
+    grammar-parser.cpp
+    )
+
+if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
+    set_target_properties(${TARGET} PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
+endif()
+
+target_include_directories(${TARGET} PUBLIC .)
+target_compile_features(${TARGET} PUBLIC cxx_std_11)
+target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE llama)

common/common.cpp

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #else
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-#include <wchar.h>
 #endif
 
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
@@ -171,18 +170,6 @@ bool gpt_params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, gpt_params & params) {
                 break;
             }
             params.n_ctx = std::stoi(argv[i]);
-        } else if (arg == "-gqa" || arg == "--gqa") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_param = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            params.n_gqa = std::stoi(argv[i]);
-        } else if (arg == "-eps" || arg == "--rms-norm-eps") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_param = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            params.rms_norm_eps = std::stof(argv[i]);
         } else if (arg == "--rope-freq-base") {
             if (++i >= argc) {
                 invalid_param = true;
@@ -195,6 +182,12 @@ bool gpt_params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, gpt_params & params) {
                 break;
             }
             params.rope_freq_scale = std::stof(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "--rope-scale") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.rope_freq_scale = 1.0f/std::stof(argv[i]);
         } else if (arg == "--memory-f32") {
             params.memory_f16 = false;
         } else if (arg == "--top-p") {
@@ -269,6 +262,21 @@ bool gpt_params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, gpt_params & params) {
                 break;
             }
             params.cfg_negative_prompt = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "--cfg-negative-prompt-file") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            std::ifstream file(argv[i]);
+            if (!file) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "error: failed to open file '%s'\n", argv[i]);
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            std::copy(std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(file), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(), back_inserter(params.cfg_negative_prompt));
+            if (params.cfg_negative_prompt.back() == '\n') {
+                params.cfg_negative_prompt.pop_back();
+            }
         } else if (arg == "--cfg-scale") {
             if (++i >= argc) {
                 invalid_param = true;
@@ -281,7 +289,6 @@ bool gpt_params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, gpt_params & params) {
                 break;
             }
             params.n_batch = std::stoi(argv[i]);
-            params.n_batch = std::min(512, params.n_batch);
         } else if (arg == "--keep") {
             if (++i >= argc) {
                 invalid_param = true;
@@ -329,6 +336,8 @@ bool gpt_params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, gpt_params & params) {
             params.instruct = true;
         } else if (arg == "--multiline-input") {
             params.multiline_input = true;
+        } else if (arg == "--simple-io") {
+            params.simple_io = true;
         } else if (arg == "--color") {
             params.use_color = true;
         } else if (arg == "--mlock") {
@@ -378,11 +387,11 @@ bool gpt_params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, gpt_params & params) {
 #else
             fprintf(stderr, "warning: llama.cpp was compiled without cuBLAS. It is not possible to set a tensor split.\n");
 #endif // GGML_USE_CUBLAS
-        } else if (arg == "--mul-mat-q" || arg == "-mmq") {
+        } else if (arg == "--no-mul-mat-q" || arg == "-nommq") {
 #ifdef GGML_USE_CUBLAS
-            params.mul_mat_q = true;
+            params.mul_mat_q = false;
 #else
-            fprintf(stderr, "warning: llama.cpp was compiled without cuBLAS. It is not possible to use mul_mat_q kernels.\n");
+            fprintf(stderr, "warning: llama.cpp was compiled without cuBLAS. Disabling mul_mat_q kernels has no effect.\n");
 #endif // GGML_USE_CUBLAS
         } else if (arg == "--low-vram" || arg == "-lv") {
 #ifdef GGML_USE_CUBLAS
@@ -408,6 +417,18 @@ bool gpt_params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, gpt_params & params) {
             params.antiprompt.push_back(argv[i]);
         } else if (arg == "--perplexity") {
             params.perplexity = true;
+        } else if (arg == "--ppl-stride") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.ppl_stride = std::stoi(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "--ppl-output-type") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.ppl_output_type = std::stoi(argv[i]);
         } else if (arg == "--hellaswag") {
             params.hellaswag = true;
         } else if (arg == "--hellaswag-tasks") {
@@ -417,7 +438,7 @@ bool gpt_params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, gpt_params & params) {
             }
             params.hellaswag_tasks = std::stoi(argv[i]);
         } else if (arg == "--ignore-eos") {
-            params.logit_bias[llama_token_eos()] = -INFINITY;
+            params.ignore_eos = true;
         } else if (arg == "--no-penalize-nl") {
             params.penalize_nl = false;
         } else if (arg == "-l" || arg == "--logit-bias") {
@@ -536,11 +557,9 @@ void gpt_print_usage(int /*argc*/, char ** argv, const gpt_params & params) {
     fprintf(stdout, "  --in-suffix STRING    string to suffix after user inputs with (default: empty)\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  -f FNAME, --file FNAME\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "                        prompt file to start generation.\n");
-    fprintf(stdout, "  -n N, --n-predict N   number of tokens to predict (default: %d, -1 = infinity)\n", params.n_predict);
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -n N, --n-predict N   number of tokens to predict (default: %d, -1 = infinity, -2 = until context filled)\n", params.n_predict);
     fprintf(stdout, "  -c N, --ctx-size N    size of the prompt context (default: %d)\n", params.n_ctx);
     fprintf(stdout, "  -b N, --batch-size N  batch size for prompt processing (default: %d)\n", params.n_batch);
-    fprintf(stdout, "  -gqa N, --gqa N       grouped-query attention factor (TEMP!!! use 8 for LLaMAv2 70B) (default: %d)\n", params.n_gqa);
-    fprintf(stdout, "  -eps N, --rms-norm-eps N rms norm eps (TEMP!!! use 1e-5 for LLaMAv2) (default: %.1e)\n", params.rms_norm_eps);
     fprintf(stdout, "  --top-k N             top-k sampling (default: %d, 0 = disabled)\n", params.top_k);
     fprintf(stdout, "  --top-p N             top-p sampling (default: %.1f, 1.0 = disabled)\n", (double)params.top_p);
     fprintf(stdout, "  --tfs N               tail free sampling, parameter z (default: %.1f, 1.0 = disabled)\n", (double)params.tfs_z);
@@ -560,11 +579,14 @@ void gpt_print_usage(int /*argc*/, char ** argv, const gpt_params & params) {
     fprintf(stdout, "                        or `--logit-bias 15043-1` to decrease likelihood of token ' Hello'\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  --grammar GRAMMAR     BNF-like grammar to constrain generations (see samples in grammars/ dir)\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  --grammar-file FNAME  file to read grammar from\n");
-    fprintf(stdout, "  --cfg-negative-prompt PROMPT \n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "  --cfg-negative-prompt PROMPT\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "                        negative prompt to use for guidance. (default: empty)\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "  --cfg-negative-prompt-file FNAME\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "                        negative prompt file to use for guidance. (default: empty)\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  --cfg-scale N         strength of guidance (default: %f, 1.0 = disable)\n", params.cfg_scale);
-    fprintf(stdout, "  --rope-freq-base N    RoPE base frequency (default: %.1f)\n", params.rope_freq_base);
-    fprintf(stdout, "  --rope-freq-scale N   RoPE frequency scaling factor (default: %g)\n", params.rope_freq_scale);
+    fprintf(stdout, "  --rope-scale N        RoPE context linear scaling factor, inverse of --rope-freq-scale (default: %g)\n", 1.0f/params.rope_freq_scale);
+    fprintf(stdout, "  --rope-freq-base N    RoPE base frequency, used by NTK-aware scaling (default: %.1f)\n", params.rope_freq_base);
+    fprintf(stdout, "  --rope-freq-scale N   RoPE frequency linear scaling factor, inverse of --rope-scale (default: %g)\n", params.rope_freq_scale);
     fprintf(stdout, "  --ignore-eos          ignore end of stream token and continue generating (implies --logit-bias 2-inf)\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  --no-penalize-nl      do not penalize newline token\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  --memory-f32          use f32 instead of f16 for memory key+value (default: disabled)\n");
@@ -572,7 +594,7 @@ void gpt_print_usage(int /*argc*/, char ** argv, const gpt_params & params) {
     fprintf(stdout, "  --temp N              temperature (default: %.1f)\n", (double)params.temp);
     fprintf(stdout, "  --perplexity          compute perplexity over each ctx window of the prompt\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  --hellaswag           compute HellaSwag score over random tasks from datafile supplied with -f\n");
-    fprintf(stdout, "  --hellaswag-tasks N   number of tasks to use when computing the HellaSwag score (default: %d)\n", params.hellaswag_tasks);
+    fprintf(stdout, "  --hellaswag-tasks N   number of tasks to use when computing the HellaSwag score (default: %zu)\n", params.hellaswag_tasks);
     fprintf(stdout, "  --keep N              number of tokens to keep from the initial prompt (default: %d, -1 = all)\n", params.n_keep);
     fprintf(stdout, "  --chunks N            max number of chunks to process (default: %d, -1 = all)\n", params.n_chunks);
     if (llama_mlock_supported()) {
@@ -589,15 +611,16 @@ void gpt_print_usage(int /*argc*/, char ** argv, const gpt_params & params) {
     fprintf(stdout, "                        number of layers to store in VRAM\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  -ts SPLIT --tensor-split SPLIT\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "                        how to split tensors across multiple GPUs, comma-separated list of proportions, e.g. 3,1\n");
-    fprintf(stdout, "  -mg i, --main-gpu i   the GPU to use for scratch and small tensors\n" );
-    fprintf(stdout, "  -lv, --low-vram       don't allocate VRAM scratch buffer\n" );
-    fprintf(stdout, "  -mmq, --mul-mat-q     use experimental mul_mat_q CUDA kernels instead of cuBLAS. TEMP!!!\n" );
-    fprintf(stdout, "                        Reduces VRAM usage by 700/970/1430 MiB for 7b/13b/33b but prompt processing speed\n" );
-    fprintf(stdout, "                        is still suboptimal, especially q2_K, q3_K, q5_K, and q6_K.\n" );
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -mg i, --main-gpu i   the GPU to use for scratch and small tensors\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -lv, --low-vram       don't allocate VRAM scratch buffer\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -nommq, --no-mul-mat-q\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "                        use cuBLAS instead of custom mul_mat_q CUDA kernels.\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "                        Not recommended since this is both slower and uses more VRAM.\n");
 #endif
     fprintf(stdout, "  --mtest               compute maximum memory usage\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  --export              export the computation graph to 'llama.ggml'\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  --verbose-prompt      print prompt before generation\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  --simple-io           use basic IO for better compatibility in subprocesses and limited consoles\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  --lora FNAME          apply LoRA adapter (implies --no-mmap)\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  --lora-base FNAME     optional model to use as a base for the layers modified by the LoRA adapter\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  -m FNAME, --model FNAME\n");
@@ -624,24 +647,15 @@ std::string gpt_random_prompt(std::mt19937 & rng) {
     return "The";
 }
 
-// TODO: not great allocating this every time
-std::vector<llama_token> llama_tokenize(struct llama_context * ctx, const std::string & text, bool add_bos) {
-    // initialize to prompt numer of chars, since n_tokens <= n_prompt_chars
-    std::vector<llama_token> res(text.size() + (int) add_bos);
-    const int n = llama_tokenize(ctx, text.c_str(), res.data(), res.size(), add_bos);
-    assert(n >= 0);
-    res.resize(n);
-
-    return res;
-}
+//
+// Model utils
+//
 
 struct llama_context_params llama_context_params_from_gpt_params(const gpt_params & params) {
     auto lparams = llama_context_default_params();
 
     lparams.n_ctx           = params.n_ctx;
     lparams.n_batch         = params.n_batch;
-    lparams.n_gqa           = params.n_gqa;
-    lparams.rms_norm_eps    = params.rms_norm_eps;
     lparams.n_gpu_layers    = params.n_gpu_layers;
     lparams.main_gpu        = params.main_gpu;
     lparams.tensor_split    = params.tensor_split;
@@ -659,7 +673,7 @@ struct llama_context_params llama_context_params_from_gpt_params(const gpt_param
     return lparams;
 }
 
-std::tuple<struct llama_model *, struct llama_context *> llama_init_from_gpt_params(const gpt_params & params) {
+std::tuple<struct llama_model *, struct llama_context *> llama_init_from_gpt_params(gpt_params & params) {
     auto lparams = llama_context_params_from_gpt_params(params);
 
     llama_model * model  = llama_load_model_from_file(params.model.c_str(), lparams);
@@ -688,378 +702,77 @@ std::tuple<struct llama_model *, struct llama_context *> llama_init_from_gpt_par
         }
     }
 
+    if (params.ignore_eos) {
+        params.logit_bias[llama_token_eos(lctx)] = -INFINITY;
+    }
+
     return std::make_tuple(model, lctx);
 }
 
-void console_init(console_state & con_st) {
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-    // Windows-specific console initialization
-    DWORD dwMode = 0;
-    con_st.hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
-    if (con_st.hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE || !GetConsoleMode(con_st.hConsole, &dwMode)) {
-        con_st.hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
-        if (con_st.hConsole != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE && (!GetConsoleMode(con_st.hConsole, &dwMode))) {
-            con_st.hConsole = NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    if (con_st.hConsole) {
-        // Enable ANSI colors on Windows 10+
-        if (con_st.use_color && !(dwMode & ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING)) {
-            SetConsoleMode(con_st.hConsole, dwMode | ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING);
-        }
-        // Set console output codepage to UTF8
-        SetConsoleOutputCP(CP_UTF8);
-    }
-    HANDLE hConIn = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE);
-    if (hConIn != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE && GetConsoleMode(hConIn, &dwMode)) {
-        // Set console input codepage to UTF16
-        _setmode(_fileno(stdin), _O_WTEXT);
+//
+// Vocab utils
+//
 
-        // Turn off ICANON (ENABLE_LINE_INPUT) and ECHO (ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT)
-        dwMode &= ~(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT | ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT);
-        SetConsoleMode(hConIn, dwMode);
-    }
-#else
-    // POSIX-specific console initialization
-    struct termios new_termios;
-    tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &con_st.prev_state);
-    new_termios = con_st.prev_state;
-    new_termios.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
-    new_termios.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
-    new_termios.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
-    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &new_termios);
-
-    con_st.tty = fopen("/dev/tty", "w+");
-    if (con_st.tty != nullptr) {
-        con_st.out = con_st.tty;
-    }
-
-    setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
-#endif
-}
-
-void console_cleanup(console_state & con_st) {
-    // Reset console color
-    console_set_color(con_st, CONSOLE_COLOR_DEFAULT);
-
-#if !defined(_WIN32)
-    if (con_st.tty != nullptr) {
-        con_st.out = stdout;
-        fclose(con_st.tty);
-        con_st.tty = nullptr;
-    }
-    // Restore the terminal settings on POSIX systems
-    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &con_st.prev_state);
-#endif
-}
-
-/* Keep track of current color of output, and emit ANSI code if it changes. */
-void console_set_color(console_state & con_st, console_color_t color) {
-    if (con_st.use_color && con_st.color != color) {
-        fflush(stdout);
-        switch(color) {
-            case CONSOLE_COLOR_DEFAULT:
-                fprintf(con_st.out, ANSI_COLOR_RESET);
-                break;
-            case CONSOLE_COLOR_PROMPT:
-                fprintf(con_st.out, ANSI_COLOR_YELLOW);
-                break;
-            case CONSOLE_COLOR_USER_INPUT:
-                fprintf(con_st.out, ANSI_BOLD ANSI_COLOR_GREEN);
-                break;
-            case CONSOLE_COLOR_ERROR:
-                fprintf(con_st.out, ANSI_BOLD ANSI_COLOR_RED);
-                break;
-        }
-        con_st.color = color;
-        fflush(con_st.out);
-    }
-}
-
-char32_t getchar32() {
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-    HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE);
-    wchar_t high_surrogate = 0;
-
-    while (true) {
-        INPUT_RECORD record;
-        DWORD count;
-        if (!ReadConsoleInputW(hConsole, &record, 1, &count) || count == 0) {
-            return WEOF;
-        }
-
-        if (record.EventType == KEY_EVENT && record.Event.KeyEvent.bKeyDown) {
-            wchar_t wc = record.Event.KeyEvent.uChar.UnicodeChar;
-            if (wc == 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if ((wc >= 0xD800) && (wc <= 0xDBFF)) { // Check if wc is a high surrogate
-                high_surrogate = wc;
-                continue;
-            } else if ((wc >= 0xDC00) && (wc <= 0xDFFF)) { // Check if wc is a low surrogate
-                if (high_surrogate != 0) { // Check if we have a high surrogate
-                    return ((high_surrogate - 0xD800) << 10) + (wc - 0xDC00) + 0x10000;
-                }
-            }
-
-            high_surrogate = 0; // Reset the high surrogate
-            return static_cast<char32_t>(wc);
-        }
-    }
-#else
-    wchar_t wc = getwchar();
-    if (static_cast<wint_t>(wc) == WEOF) {
-        return WEOF;
-    }
-
-#if WCHAR_MAX == 0xFFFF
-    if ((wc >= 0xD800) && (wc <= 0xDBFF)) { // Check if wc is a high surrogate
-        wchar_t low_surrogate = getwchar();
-        if ((low_surrogate >= 0xDC00) && (low_surrogate <= 0xDFFF)) { // Check if the next wchar is a low surrogate
-            return (static_cast<char32_t>(wc & 0x03FF) << 10) + (low_surrogate & 0x03FF) + 0x10000;
-        }
-    }
-    if ((wc >= 0xD800) && (wc <= 0xDFFF)) { // Invalid surrogate pair
-        return 0xFFFD; // Return the replacement character U+FFFD
-    }
-#endif
-
-    return static_cast<char32_t>(wc);
-#endif
-}
-
-void pop_cursor(console_state & con_st) {
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-    if (con_st.hConsole != NULL) {
-        CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO bufferInfo;
-        GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(con_st.hConsole, &bufferInfo);
-
-        COORD newCursorPosition = bufferInfo.dwCursorPosition;
-        if (newCursorPosition.X == 0) {
-            newCursorPosition.X = bufferInfo.dwSize.X - 1;
-            newCursorPosition.Y -= 1;
-        } else {
-            newCursorPosition.X -= 1;
-        }
-
-        SetConsoleCursorPosition(con_st.hConsole, newCursorPosition);
-        return;
-    }
-#endif
-    putc('\b', con_st.out);
-}
-
-int estimateWidth(char32_t codepoint) {
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-    return 1;
-#else
-    return wcwidth(codepoint);
-#endif
-}
-
-int put_codepoint(console_state & con_st, const char* utf8_codepoint, size_t length, int expectedWidth) {
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-    CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO bufferInfo;
-    if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(con_st.hConsole, &bufferInfo)) {
-        // go with the default
-        return expectedWidth;
-    }
-    COORD initialPosition = bufferInfo.dwCursorPosition;
-    DWORD nNumberOfChars = length;
-    WriteConsole(con_st.hConsole, utf8_codepoint, nNumberOfChars, &nNumberOfChars, NULL);
-
-    CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO newBufferInfo;
-    GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(con_st.hConsole, &newBufferInfo);
-
-    // Figure out our real position if we're in the last column
-    if (utf8_codepoint[0] != 0x09 && initialPosition.X == newBufferInfo.dwSize.X - 1) {
-        DWORD nNumberOfChars;
-        WriteConsole(con_st.hConsole, &" \b", 2, &nNumberOfChars, NULL);
-        GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(con_st.hConsole, &newBufferInfo);
-    }
-
-    int width = newBufferInfo.dwCursorPosition.X - initialPosition.X;
-    if (width < 0) {
-        width += newBufferInfo.dwSize.X;
-    }
-    return width;
-#else
-    // we can trust expectedWidth if we've got one
-    if (expectedWidth >= 0 || con_st.tty == nullptr) {
-        fwrite(utf8_codepoint, length, 1, con_st.out);
-        return expectedWidth;
-    }
-
-    fputs("\033[6n", con_st.tty); // Query cursor position
-    int x1, x2, y1, y2;
-    int results = 0;
-    results = fscanf(con_st.tty, "\033[%d;%dR", &y1, &x1);
-
-    fwrite(utf8_codepoint, length, 1, con_st.tty);
-
-    fputs("\033[6n", con_st.tty); // Query cursor position
-    results += fscanf(con_st.tty, "\033[%d;%dR", &y2, &x2);
-
-    if (results != 4) {
-        return expectedWidth;
-    }
-
-    int width = x2 - x1;
-    if (width < 0) {
-        // Calculate the width considering text wrapping
-        struct winsize w;
-        ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &w);
-        width += w.ws_col;
-    }
-    return width;
-#endif
-}
-
-void replace_last(console_state & con_st, char ch) {
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-    pop_cursor(con_st);
-    put_codepoint(con_st, &ch, 1, 1);
-#else
-    fprintf(con_st.out, "\b%c", ch);
-#endif
-}
-
-void append_utf8(char32_t ch, std::string & out) {
-    if (ch <= 0x7F) {
-        out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch));
-    } else if (ch <= 0x7FF) {
-        out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0xC0 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x1F)));
-        out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | (ch & 0x3F)));
-    } else if (ch <= 0xFFFF) {
-        out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0xE0 | ((ch >> 12) & 0x0F)));
-        out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x3F)));
-        out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | (ch & 0x3F)));
-    } else if (ch <= 0x10FFFF) {
-        out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0xF0 | ((ch >> 18) & 0x07)));
-        out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | ((ch >> 12) & 0x3F)));
-        out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x3F)));
-        out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | (ch & 0x3F)));
+std::vector<llama_token> llama_tokenize(
+        struct llama_context * ctx,
+           const std::string & text,
+                        bool   add_bos) {
+    // upper limit for the number of tokens
+    int n_tokens = text.length() + add_bos;
+    std::vector<llama_token> result(n_tokens);
+    n_tokens = llama_tokenize(ctx, text.c_str(), result.data(), result.size(), add_bos);
+    if (n_tokens < 0) {
+        result.resize(-n_tokens);
+        int check = llama_tokenize(ctx, text.c_str(), result.data(), result.size(), add_bos);
+        GGML_ASSERT(check == -n_tokens);
     } else {
-        // Invalid Unicode code point
+        result.resize(n_tokens);
     }
+    return result;
 }
 
-// Helper function to remove the last UTF-8 character from a string
-void pop_back_utf8_char(std::string & line) {
-    if (line.empty()) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    size_t pos = line.length() - 1;
-
-    // Find the start of the last UTF-8 character (checking up to 4 bytes back)
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3 && pos > 0; ++i, --pos) {
-        if ((line[pos] & 0xC0) != 0x80) break; // Found the start of the character
-    }
-    line.erase(pos);
-}
-
-bool console_readline(console_state & con_st, std::string & line) {
-    console_set_color(con_st, CONSOLE_COLOR_USER_INPUT);
-    if (con_st.out != stdout) {
-        fflush(stdout);
-    }
-
-    line.clear();
-    std::vector<int> widths;
-    bool is_special_char = false;
-    bool end_of_stream = false;
-
-    char32_t input_char;
-    while (true) {
-        fflush(con_st.out); // Ensure all output is displayed before waiting for input
-        input_char = getchar32();
-
-        if (input_char == '\r' || input_char == '\n') {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        if (input_char == (char32_t) WEOF || input_char == 0x04 /* Ctrl+D*/) {
-            end_of_stream = true;
-            break;
-        }
-
-        if (is_special_char) {
-            console_set_color(con_st, CONSOLE_COLOR_USER_INPUT);
-            replace_last(con_st, line.back());
-            is_special_char = false;
-        }
-
-        if (input_char == '\033') { // Escape sequence
-            char32_t code = getchar32();
-            if (code == '[' || code == 0x1B) {
-                // Discard the rest of the escape sequence
-                while ((code = getchar32()) != (char32_t) WEOF) {
-                    if ((code >= 'A' && code <= 'Z') || (code >= 'a' && code <= 'z') || code == '~') {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        } else if (input_char == 0x08 || input_char == 0x7F) { // Backspace
-            if (!widths.empty()) {
-                int count;
-                do {
-                    count = widths.back();
-                    widths.pop_back();
-                    // Move cursor back, print space, and move cursor back again
-                    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-                        replace_last(con_st, ' ');
-                        pop_cursor(con_st);
-                    }
-                    pop_back_utf8_char(line);
-                } while (count == 0 && !widths.empty());
-            }
-        } else {
-            int offset = line.length();
-            append_utf8(input_char, line);
-            int width = put_codepoint(con_st, line.c_str() + offset, line.length() - offset, estimateWidth(input_char));
-            if (width < 0) {
-                width = 0;
-            }
-            widths.push_back(width);
-        }
-
-        if (!line.empty() && (line.back() == '\\' || line.back() == '/')) {
-            console_set_color(con_st, CONSOLE_COLOR_PROMPT);
-            replace_last(con_st, line.back());
-            is_special_char = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    bool has_more = con_st.multiline_input;
-    if (is_special_char) {
-        replace_last(con_st, ' ');
-        pop_cursor(con_st);
-
-        char last = line.back();
-        line.pop_back();
-        if (last == '\\') {
-            line += '\n';
-            fputc('\n', con_st.out);
-            has_more = !has_more;
-        } else {
-            // llama will just eat the single space, it won't act as a space
-            if (line.length() == 1 && line.back() == ' ') {
-                line.clear();
-                pop_cursor(con_st);
-            }
-            has_more = false;
-        }
+std::string llama_token_to_str(const struct llama_context * ctx, llama_token token) {
+    std::vector<char> result(8, 0);
+    const int n_tokens = llama_token_to_str(ctx, token, result.data(), result.size());
+    if (n_tokens < 0) {
+        result.resize(-n_tokens);
+        int check = llama_token_to_str(ctx, token, result.data(), result.size());
+        GGML_ASSERT(check == -n_tokens);
     } else {
-        if (end_of_stream) {
-            has_more = false;
-        } else {
-            line += '\n';
-            fputc('\n', con_st.out);
-        }
+        result.resize(n_tokens);
     }
 
-    fflush(con_st.out);
-    return has_more;
+    return std::string(result.data(), result.size());
 }
+
+std::vector<llama_token> llama_tokenize_bpe(
+        struct llama_context * ctx,
+           const std::string & text,
+                        bool   add_bos) {
+    int n_tokens = text.length() + add_bos;
+    std::vector<llama_token> result(n_tokens);
+    n_tokens = llama_tokenize_bpe(ctx, text.c_str(), result.data(), result.size(), add_bos);
+    if (n_tokens < 0) {
+        result.resize(-n_tokens);
+        int check = llama_tokenize_bpe(ctx, text.c_str(), result.data(), result.size(), add_bos);
+        GGML_ASSERT(check == -n_tokens);
+    } else {
+        result.resize(n_tokens);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::string llama_token_to_str_bpe(const struct llama_context * ctx, llama_token token) {
+    std::vector<char> result(8, 0);
+    const int n_tokens = llama_token_to_str_bpe(ctx, token, result.data(), result.size());
+    if (n_tokens < 0) {
+        result.resize(-n_tokens);
+        const int check = llama_token_to_str_bpe(ctx, token, result.data(), result.size());
+        GGML_ASSERT(check == -n_tokens);
+    } else {
+        result.resize(n_tokens);
+    }
+
+    return std::string(result.data(), result.size());
+}
+

common/common.h

@@ -11,11 +11,6 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <tuple>
 
-#if !defined (_WIN32)
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <termios.h>
-#endif
-
 //
 // CLI argument parsing
 //
@@ -27,19 +22,16 @@ struct gpt_params {
     int32_t n_predict                       = -1;   // new tokens to predict
     int32_t n_ctx                           = 512;  // context size
     int32_t n_batch                         = 512;  // batch size for prompt processing (must be >=32 to use BLAS)
-    int32_t n_gqa                           = 1;    // grouped-query attention factor (TODO: move to hparams)
     int32_t n_keep                          = 0;    // number of tokens to keep from initial prompt
     int32_t n_chunks                        = -1;   // max number of chunks to process (-1 = unlimited)
     int32_t n_gpu_layers                    = 0;    // number of layers to store in VRAM
     int32_t main_gpu                        = 0;    // the GPU that is used for scratch and small tensors
     float   tensor_split[LLAMA_MAX_DEVICES] = {0};  // how split tensors should be distributed across GPUs
     int32_t n_probs                         = 0;    // if greater than 0, output the probabilities of top n_probs tokens.
-    float   rms_norm_eps                    = LLAMA_DEFAULT_RMS_EPS; // rms norm epsilon
     float   rope_freq_base                  = 10000.0f; // RoPE base frequency
     float   rope_freq_scale                 = 1.0f;     // RoPE frequency scaling factor
 
     // sampling parameters
-    std::unordered_map<llama_token, float> logit_bias; // logit bias for specific tokens
     int32_t top_k             = 40;    // <= 0 to use vocab size
     float   top_p             = 0.95f; // 1.0 = disabled
     float   tfs_z             = 1.00f; // 1.0 = disabled
@@ -53,12 +45,14 @@ struct gpt_params {
     float   mirostat_tau      = 5.00f; // target entropy
     float   mirostat_eta      = 0.10f; // learning rate
 
+    std::unordered_map<llama_token, float> logit_bias; // logit bias for specific tokens
+
     // Classifier-Free Guidance
     // https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.17806
     std::string cfg_negative_prompt;       // string to help guidance
     float       cfg_scale         = 1.f;   // How strong is guidance
 
-    std::string model             = "models/7B/ggml-model.bin"; // model path
+    std::string model             = "models/7B/ggml-model-f16.gguf"; // model path
     std::string model_alias       = "unknown"; // model alias
     std::string prompt            = "";
     std::string path_prompt_cache = "";  // path to file for saving/loading prompt eval state
@@ -70,11 +64,15 @@ struct gpt_params {
     std::string lora_adapter = "";  // lora adapter path
     std::string lora_base    = "";  // base model path for the lora adapter
 
+    int  ppl_stride        = 0;     // stride for perplexity calculations. If left at 0, the pre-existing approach will be used.
+    int  ppl_output_type   = 0;     // = 0 -> ppl output is as usual, = 1 -> ppl output is num_tokens, ppl, one per line
+                                    //                                       (which is more convenient to use for plotting)
+                                    //
     bool hellaswag         = false; // compute HellaSwag score over random tasks from datafile supplied in prompt
     size_t hellaswag_tasks = 400;   // number of tasks to use when computing the HellaSwag score
 
     bool low_vram          = false; // if true, reduce VRAM usage at the cost of performance
-    bool mul_mat_q         = false; // if true, use experimental mul_mat_q kernels
+    bool mul_mat_q         = true;  // if true, use mul_mat_q kernels instead of cuBLAS
     bool memory_f16        = true;  // use f16 instead of f32 for memory kv
     bool random_prompt     = false; // do not randomize prompt if none provided
     bool use_color         = false; // use color to distinguish generations and inputs
@@ -85,8 +83,10 @@ struct gpt_params {
     bool embedding         = false; // get only sentence embedding
     bool interactive_first = false; // wait for user input immediately
     bool multiline_input   = false; // reverse the usage of `\`
+    bool simple_io         = false; // improves compatibility with subprocesses and limited consoles
 
     bool input_prefix_bos  = false; // prefix BOS to user inputs, preceding input_prefix
+    bool ignore_eos        = false; // ignore generated EOS tokens
     bool instruct          = false; // instruction mode (used for Alpaca models)
     bool penalize_nl       = true;  // consider newlines as a repeatable token
     bool perplexity        = false; // compute perplexity over the prompt
@@ -104,54 +104,31 @@ void gpt_print_usage(int argc, char ** argv, const gpt_params & params);
 
 std::string gpt_random_prompt(std::mt19937 & rng);
 
-//
-// Vocab utils
-//
-
-std::vector<llama_token> llama_tokenize(struct llama_context * ctx, const std::string & text, bool add_bos);
-
 //
 // Model utils
 //
 
-std::tuple<struct llama_model *, struct llama_context *> llama_init_from_gpt_params(const gpt_params & params);
+std::tuple<struct llama_model *, struct llama_context *> llama_init_from_gpt_params(gpt_params & params);
 struct llama_context_params llama_context_params_from_gpt_params(const gpt_params & params);
 
 //
-// Console utils
+// Vocab utils
 //
 
-#define ANSI_COLOR_RED     "\x1b[31m"
-#define ANSI_COLOR_GREEN   "\x1b[32m"
-#define ANSI_COLOR_YELLOW  "\x1b[33m"
-#define ANSI_COLOR_BLUE    "\x1b[34m"
-#define ANSI_COLOR_MAGENTA "\x1b[35m"
-#define ANSI_COLOR_CYAN    "\x1b[36m"
-#define ANSI_COLOR_RESET   "\x1b[0m"
-#define ANSI_BOLD          "\x1b[1m"
+std::vector<llama_token> llama_tokenize(
+        struct llama_context * ctx,
+           const std::string & text,
+                        bool   add_bos);
 
-enum console_color_t {
-    CONSOLE_COLOR_DEFAULT=0,
-    CONSOLE_COLOR_PROMPT,
-    CONSOLE_COLOR_USER_INPUT,
-    CONSOLE_COLOR_ERROR
-};
+std::vector<llama_token> llama_tokenize_bpe(
+        struct llama_context * ctx,
+           const std::string & text,
+                        bool   add_bos);
 
-struct console_state {
-    bool multiline_input = false;
-    bool use_color = false;
-    console_color_t color = CONSOLE_COLOR_DEFAULT;
+std::string llama_token_to_str(
+        const struct llama_context * ctx,
+                       llama_token   token);
 
-    FILE* out = stdout;
-#if defined (_WIN32)
-    void* hConsole;
-#else
-    FILE* tty = nullptr;
-    termios prev_state;
-#endif
-};
-
-void console_init(console_state & con_st);
-void console_cleanup(console_state & con_st);
-void console_set_color(console_state & con_st, console_color_t color);
-bool console_readline(console_state & con_st, std::string & line);
+std::string llama_token_to_str_bpe(
+    const struct llama_context * ctx,
+                   llama_token   token);

common/console.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+#include "console.h"
+#include <vector>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#ifndef NOMINMAX
+#define NOMINMAX
+#endif
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <io.h>
+#ifndef ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING
+#define ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING 0x0004
+#endif
+#else
+#include <climits>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#endif
+
+#define ANSI_COLOR_RED     "\x1b[31m"
+#define ANSI_COLOR_GREEN   "\x1b[32m"
+#define ANSI_COLOR_YELLOW  "\x1b[33m"
+#define ANSI_COLOR_BLUE    "\x1b[34m"
+#define ANSI_COLOR_MAGENTA "\x1b[35m"
+#define ANSI_COLOR_CYAN    "\x1b[36m"
+#define ANSI_COLOR_RESET   "\x1b[0m"
+#define ANSI_BOLD          "\x1b[1m"
+
+namespace console {
+
+    //
+    // Console state
+    //
+
+    static bool      advanced_display = false;
+    static bool      simple_io        = true;
+    static display_t current_display  = reset;
+
+    static FILE*     out              = stdout;
+
+#if defined (_WIN32)
+    static void*     hConsole;
+#else
+    static FILE*     tty              = nullptr;
+    static termios   initial_state;
+#endif
+
+    //
+    // Init and cleanup
+    //
+
+    void init(bool use_simple_io, bool use_advanced_display) {
+        advanced_display = use_advanced_display;
+        simple_io = use_simple_io;
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        // Windows-specific console initialization
+        DWORD dwMode = 0;
+        hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
+        if (hConsole == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE || !GetConsoleMode(hConsole, &dwMode)) {
+            hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
+            if (hConsole != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE && (!GetConsoleMode(hConsole, &dwMode))) {
+                hConsole = nullptr;
+                simple_io = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if (hConsole) {
+            // Check conditions combined to reduce nesting
+            if (advanced_display && !(dwMode & ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING) &&
+                !SetConsoleMode(hConsole, dwMode | ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING)) {
+                advanced_display = false;
+            }
+            // Set console output codepage to UTF8
+            SetConsoleOutputCP(CP_UTF8);
+        }
+        HANDLE hConIn = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE);
+        if (hConIn != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE && GetConsoleMode(hConIn, &dwMode)) {
+            // Set console input codepage to UTF16
+            _setmode(_fileno(stdin), _O_WTEXT);
+
+            // Set ICANON (ENABLE_LINE_INPUT) and ECHO (ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT)
+            if (simple_io) {
+                dwMode |= ENABLE_LINE_INPUT | ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT;
+            } else {
+                dwMode &= ~(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT | ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT);
+            }
+            if (!SetConsoleMode(hConIn, dwMode)) {
+                simple_io = true;
+            }
+        }
+#else
+        // POSIX-specific console initialization
+        if (!simple_io) {
+            struct termios new_termios;
+            tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &initial_state);
+            new_termios = initial_state;
+            new_termios.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
+            new_termios.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
+            new_termios.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
+            tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &new_termios);
+
+            tty = fopen("/dev/tty", "w+");
+            if (tty != nullptr) {
+                out = tty;
+            }
+        }
+
+        setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+#endif
+    }
+
+    void cleanup() {
+        // Reset console display
+        set_display(reset);
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+        // Restore settings on POSIX systems
+        if (!simple_io) {
+            if (tty != nullptr) {
+                out = stdout;
+                fclose(tty);
+                tty = nullptr;
+            }
+            tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &initial_state);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    //
+    // Display and IO
+    //
+
+    // Keep track of current display and only emit ANSI code if it changes
+    void set_display(display_t display) {
+        if (advanced_display && current_display != display) {
+            fflush(stdout);
+            switch(display) {
+                case reset:
+                    fprintf(out, ANSI_COLOR_RESET);
+                    break;
+                case prompt:
+                    fprintf(out, ANSI_COLOR_YELLOW);
+                    break;
+                case user_input:
+                    fprintf(out, ANSI_BOLD ANSI_COLOR_GREEN);
+                    break;
+                case error:
+                    fprintf(out, ANSI_BOLD ANSI_COLOR_RED);
+            }
+            current_display = display;
+            fflush(out);
+        }
+    }
+
+    char32_t getchar32() {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        HANDLE hConsole = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE);
+        wchar_t high_surrogate = 0;
+
+        while (true) {
+            INPUT_RECORD record;
+            DWORD count;
+            if (!ReadConsoleInputW(hConsole, &record, 1, &count) || count == 0) {
+                return WEOF;
+            }
+
+            if (record.EventType == KEY_EVENT && record.Event.KeyEvent.bKeyDown) {
+                wchar_t wc = record.Event.KeyEvent.uChar.UnicodeChar;
+                if (wc == 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if ((wc >= 0xD800) && (wc <= 0xDBFF)) { // Check if wc is a high surrogate
+                    high_surrogate = wc;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if ((wc >= 0xDC00) && (wc <= 0xDFFF)) { // Check if wc is a low surrogate
+                    if (high_surrogate != 0) { // Check if we have a high surrogate
+                        return ((high_surrogate - 0xD800) << 10) + (wc - 0xDC00) + 0x10000;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                high_surrogate = 0; // Reset the high surrogate
+                return static_cast<char32_t>(wc);
+            }
+        }
+#else
+        wchar_t wc = getwchar();
+        if (static_cast<wint_t>(wc) == WEOF) {
+            return WEOF;
+        }
+
+#if WCHAR_MAX == 0xFFFF
+        if ((wc >= 0xD800) && (wc <= 0xDBFF)) { // Check if wc is a high surrogate
+            wchar_t low_surrogate = getwchar();
+            if ((low_surrogate >= 0xDC00) && (low_surrogate <= 0xDFFF)) { // Check if the next wchar is a low surrogate
+                return (static_cast<char32_t>(wc & 0x03FF) << 10) + (low_surrogate & 0x03FF) + 0x10000;
+            }
+        }
+        if ((wc >= 0xD800) && (wc <= 0xDFFF)) { // Invalid surrogate pair
+            return 0xFFFD; // Return the replacement character U+FFFD
+        }
+#endif
+
+        return static_cast<char32_t>(wc);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    void pop_cursor() {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        if (hConsole != NULL) {
+            CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO bufferInfo;
+            GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(hConsole, &bufferInfo);
+
+            COORD newCursorPosition = bufferInfo.dwCursorPosition;
+            if (newCursorPosition.X == 0) {
+                newCursorPosition.X = bufferInfo.dwSize.X - 1;
+                newCursorPosition.Y -= 1;
+            } else {
+                newCursorPosition.X -= 1;
+            }
+
+            SetConsoleCursorPosition(hConsole, newCursorPosition);
+            return;
+        }
+#endif
+        putc('\b', out);
+    }
+
+    int estimateWidth(char32_t codepoint) {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        return 1;
+#else
+        return wcwidth(codepoint);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    int put_codepoint(const char* utf8_codepoint, size_t length, int expectedWidth) {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO bufferInfo;
+        if (!GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(hConsole, &bufferInfo)) {
+            // go with the default
+            return expectedWidth;
+        }
+        COORD initialPosition = bufferInfo.dwCursorPosition;
+        DWORD nNumberOfChars = length;
+        WriteConsole(hConsole, utf8_codepoint, nNumberOfChars, &nNumberOfChars, NULL);
+
+        CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO newBufferInfo;
+        GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(hConsole, &newBufferInfo);
+
+        // Figure out our real position if we're in the last column
+        if (utf8_codepoint[0] != 0x09 && initialPosition.X == newBufferInfo.dwSize.X - 1) {
+            DWORD nNumberOfChars;
+            WriteConsole(hConsole, &" \b", 2, &nNumberOfChars, NULL);
+            GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(hConsole, &newBufferInfo);
+        }
+
+        int width = newBufferInfo.dwCursorPosition.X - initialPosition.X;
+        if (width < 0) {
+            width += newBufferInfo.dwSize.X;
+        }
+        return width;
+#else
+        // We can trust expectedWidth if we've got one
+        if (expectedWidth >= 0 || tty == nullptr) {
+            fwrite(utf8_codepoint, length, 1, out);
+            return expectedWidth;
+        }
+
+        fputs("\033[6n", tty); // Query cursor position
+        int x1;
+        int y1;
+        int x2;
+        int y2;
+        int results = 0;
+        results = fscanf(tty, "\033[%d;%dR", &y1, &x1);
+
+        fwrite(utf8_codepoint, length, 1, tty);
+
+        fputs("\033[6n", tty); // Query cursor position
+        results += fscanf(tty, "\033[%d;%dR", &y2, &x2);
+
+        if (results != 4) {
+            return expectedWidth;
+        }
+
+        int width = x2 - x1;
+        if (width < 0) {
+            // Calculate the width considering text wrapping
+            struct winsize w;
+            ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &w);
+            width += w.ws_col;
+        }
+        return width;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    void replace_last(char ch) {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        pop_cursor();
+        put_codepoint(&ch, 1, 1);
+#else
+        fprintf(out, "\b%c", ch);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    void append_utf8(char32_t ch, std::string & out) {
+        if (ch <= 0x7F) {
+            out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch));
+        } else if (ch <= 0x7FF) {
+            out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0xC0 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x1F)));
+            out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | (ch & 0x3F)));
+        } else if (ch <= 0xFFFF) {
+            out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0xE0 | ((ch >> 12) & 0x0F)));
+            out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x3F)));
+            out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | (ch & 0x3F)));
+        } else if (ch <= 0x10FFFF) {
+            out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0xF0 | ((ch >> 18) & 0x07)));
+            out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | ((ch >> 12) & 0x3F)));
+            out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | ((ch >> 6) & 0x3F)));
+            out.push_back(static_cast<unsigned char>(0x80 | (ch & 0x3F)));
+        } else {
+            // Invalid Unicode code point
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Helper function to remove the last UTF-8 character from a string
+    void pop_back_utf8_char(std::string & line) {
+        if (line.empty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        size_t pos = line.length() - 1;
+
+        // Find the start of the last UTF-8 character (checking up to 4 bytes back)
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < 3 && pos > 0; ++i, --pos) {
+            if ((line[pos] & 0xC0) != 0x80) {
+                break; // Found the start of the character
+            }
+        }
+        line.erase(pos);
+    }
+
+    bool readline_advanced(std::string & line, bool multiline_input) {
+        if (out != stdout) {
+            fflush(stdout);
+        }
+
+        line.clear();
+        std::vector<int> widths;
+        bool is_special_char = false;
+        bool end_of_stream = false;
+
+        char32_t input_char;
+        while (true) {
+            fflush(out); // Ensure all output is displayed before waiting for input
+            input_char = getchar32();
+
+            if (input_char == '\r' || input_char == '\n') {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if (input_char == (char32_t) WEOF || input_char == 0x04 /* Ctrl+D*/) {
+                end_of_stream = true;
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if (is_special_char) {
+                set_display(user_input);
+                replace_last(line.back());
+                is_special_char = false;
+            }
+
+            if (input_char == '\033') { // Escape sequence
+                char32_t code = getchar32();
+                if (code == '[' || code == 0x1B) {
+                    // Discard the rest of the escape sequence
+                    while ((code = getchar32()) != (char32_t) WEOF) {
+                        if ((code >= 'A' && code <= 'Z') || (code >= 'a' && code <= 'z') || code == '~') {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (input_char == 0x08 || input_char == 0x7F) { // Backspace
+                if (!widths.empty()) {
+                    int count;
+                    do {
+                        count = widths.back();
+                        widths.pop_back();
+                        // Move cursor back, print space, and move cursor back again
+                        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                            replace_last(' ');
+                            pop_cursor();
+                        }
+                        pop_back_utf8_char(line);
+                    } while (count == 0 && !widths.empty());
+                }
+            } else {
+                int offset = line.length();
+                append_utf8(input_char, line);
+                int width = put_codepoint(line.c_str() + offset, line.length() - offset, estimateWidth(input_char));
+                if (width < 0) {
+                    width = 0;
+                }
+                widths.push_back(width);
+            }
+
+            if (!line.empty() && (line.back() == '\\' || line.back() == '/')) {
+                set_display(prompt);
+                replace_last(line.back());
+                is_special_char = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        bool has_more = multiline_input;
+        if (is_special_char) {
+            replace_last(' ');
+            pop_cursor();
+
+            char last = line.back();
+            line.pop_back();
+            if (last == '\\') {
+                line += '\n';
+                fputc('\n', out);
+                has_more = !has_more;
+            } else {
+                // llama will just eat the single space, it won't act as a space
+                if (line.length() == 1 && line.back() == ' ') {
+                    line.clear();
+                    pop_cursor();
+                }
+                has_more = false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (end_of_stream) {
+                has_more = false;
+            } else {
+                line += '\n';
+                fputc('\n', out);
+            }
+        }
+
+        fflush(out);
+        return has_more;
+    }
+
+    bool readline_simple(std::string & line, bool multiline_input) {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        std::wstring wline;
+        if (!std::getline(std::wcin, wline)) {
+            // Input stream is bad or EOF received
+            line.clear();
+            GenerateConsoleCtrlEvent(CTRL_C_EVENT, 0);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        int size_needed = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, &wline[0], (int)wline.size(), NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
+        line.resize(size_needed);
+        WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, &wline[0], (int)wline.size(), &line[0], size_needed, NULL, NULL);
+#else
+        if (!std::getline(std::cin, line)) {
+            // Input stream is bad or EOF received
+            line.clear();
+            return false;
+        }
+#endif
+        if (!line.empty()) {
+            char last = line.back();
+            if (last == '/') { // Always return control on '/' symbol
+                line.pop_back();
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (last == '\\') { // '\\' changes the default action
+                line.pop_back();
+                multiline_input = !multiline_input;
+            }
+        }
+        line += '\n';
+
+        // By default, continue input if multiline_input is set
+        return multiline_input;
+    }
+
+    bool readline(std::string & line, bool multiline_input) {
+        set_display(user_input);
+
+        if (simple_io) {
+            return readline_simple(line, multiline_input);
+        }
+        return readline_advanced(line, multiline_input);
+    }
+
+}

common/console.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Console functions
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace console {
+    enum display_t {
+        reset = 0,
+        prompt,
+        user_input,
+        error
+    };
+
+    void init(bool use_simple_io, bool use_advanced_display);
+    void cleanup();
+    void set_display(display_t display);
+    bool readline(std::string & line, bool multiline_input);
+}

common/grammar-parser.cpp

@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ namespace grammar_parser {
             for (size_t i = 0, end = state.rules.size(); i < end; i++) {
                 // fprintf(file, "%zu: ", i);
                 // print_rule_binary(file, state.rules[i]);
-                print_rule(file, i, state.rules[i], symbol_id_names);
+                print_rule(file, uint32_t(i), state.rules[i], symbol_id_names);
                 // fprintf(file, "\n");
             }
         } catch (const std::exception & err) {

convert-falcon-hf-to-gguf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+# HF falcon--> gguf conversion
+
+import gguf
+import os
+import sys
+import struct
+import json
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+
+from typing import Any, List
+from pathlib import Path
+from transformers import AutoTokenizer
+
+def bytes_to_unicode():
+    # ref: https://github.com/openai/gpt-2/blob/master/src/encoder.py
+    """
+    Returns list of utf-8 byte and a corresponding list of unicode strings.
+    The reversible bpe codes work on unicode strings.
+    This means you need a large # of unicode characters in your vocab if you want to avoid UNKs.
+    When you're at something like a 10B token dataset you end up needing around 5K for decent coverage.
+    This is a significant percentage of your normal, say, 32K bpe vocab.
+    To avoid that, we want lookup tables between utf-8 bytes and unicode strings.
+    And avoids mapping to whitespace/control characters the bpe code barfs on.
+    """
+    bs = list(range(ord("!"), ord("~")+1))+list(range(ord("¡"), ord("¬")+1))+list(range(ord("®"), ord("ÿ")+1))
+    cs = bs[:]
+    n = 0
+    for b in range(2**8):
+        if b not in bs:
+            bs.append(b)
+            cs.append(2**8+n)
+            n += 1
+    cs = [chr(n) for n in cs]
+    return dict(zip(bs, cs))
+
+
+def count_model_parts(dir_model: str) -> int:
+    num_parts = 0
+    for filename in os.listdir(dir_model):
+        if filename.startswith("pytorch_model-"):
+            num_parts += 1
+
+    if num_parts > 0:
+        print("gguf: found " + str(num_parts) + " model parts")
+    return num_parts
+
+
+if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+    print("Usage: convert-h5-to-ggml.py dir-model ftype\n")
+    print("  ftype == 0 -> float32")
+    print("  ftype == 1 -> float16")
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+# output in the same directory as the model
+dir_model = sys.argv[1]
+last_dir = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(dir_model))
+
+# possible tensor data types
+#   ftype == 0 -> float32
+#   ftype == 1 -> float16
+
+# map from ftype to string
+ftype_str = ["f32", "f16"]
+
+ftype = 1
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    ftype = int(sys.argv[2])
+    if ftype < 0 or ftype > 1:
+        print("Invalid ftype: " + str(ftype))
+
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+fname_out = sys.argv[1] + "/ggml-model-" + ftype_str[ftype] + ".gguf"
+
+print("gguf: loading model "+last_dir)
+
+with open(dir_model + "/config.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    hparams = json.load(f)
+
+if hparams["architectures"][0] != "RWForCausalLM":
+    print("Model architecture not supported: " + hparams["architectures"][0])
+
+    sys.exit()
+
+# get number of model parts
+num_parts = count_model_parts(dir_model)
+
+ARCH=gguf.MODEL_ARCH.FALCON
+gguf_writer = gguf.GGUFWriter(fname_out, gguf.MODEL_ARCH_NAMES[ARCH])
+
+print("gguf: get model metadata")
+
+block_count = hparams["n_layer"]
+
+gguf_writer.add_name(last_dir)
+gguf_writer.add_context_length(2048) # not in config.json
+gguf_writer.add_tensor_data_layout("jploski") # qkv tensor transform
+gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(hparams["hidden_size"])
+gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(4 * hparams["hidden_size"])
+gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
+gguf_writer.add_head_count(hparams["n_head"])
+if "n_head_kv" in hparams: gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(hparams["n_head_kv"])
+gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(hparams["layer_norm_epsilon"])
+
+# TOKENIZATION
+
+print("gguf: get tokenizer metadata")
+
+tokens: List[str] = []
+merges: List[str] = []
+
+
+if Path(dir_model + "/tokenizer.json").is_file():
+    # gpt2 tokenizer
+    gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("gpt2")
+
+    print("gguf: get gpt2 tokenizer merges")
+
+    with open(dir_model + "/tokenizer.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        tokenizer_json = json.load(f)
+    merges = tokenizer_json["model"]["merges"]
+
+    gguf_writer.add_token_merges(merges)
+
+    print("gguf: get gpt2 tokenizer vocab")
+
+    vocab_size = len(tokenizer_json["model"]["vocab"])
+
+    # ref: https://github.com/cmp-nct/ggllm.cpp/blob/master/falcon_convert.py
+    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(dir_model)
+
+    reverse_vocab = {id: encoded_tok for encoded_tok, id in tokenizer.vocab.items()}
+    byte_encoder = bytes_to_unicode()
+    byte_decoder = {v: k for k, v in byte_encoder.items()}
+
+    for i in range(vocab_size):
+        if i in reverse_vocab:
+            try:
+                text = bytearray([byte_decoder[c] for c in reverse_vocab[i]])
+            except KeyError:
+                text = bytearray()
+                for c in reverse_vocab[i]:
+                    if ord(c) < 256:  # single byte character
+                        text.append(byte_decoder[ord(c)])
+                    else:  # multibyte special token character
+                        text.extend(c.encode('utf-8'))
+        else:
+            print(f"Key {i} not in tokenizer vocabulary. Padding with an arbitrary token.")
+            pad_token = f"[PAD{i}]".encode("utf8")
+            text = bytearray(pad_token)
+
+        tokens.append(text)
+
+    gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
+
+    if "added_tokens" in tokenizer_json and Path(dir_model + "/tokenizer_config.json").is_file():
+        print("gguf: get special token ids")
+
+        with open(dir_model + "/tokenizer_config.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            tokenizer_config = json.load(f)
+
+        # find special token ids
+
+        if "bos_token" in tokenizer_config:
+            for key in tokenizer_json["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["bos_token"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_bos_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "eos_token" in tokenizer_config:
+            for key in tokenizer_json["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["eos_token"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_eos_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "unk_token" in tokenizer_config:
+            for key in tokenizer_json["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["unk_token"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_unk_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "sep_token" in tokenizer_config:
+            for key in tokenizer_json["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["sep_token"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_sep_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "pad_token" in tokenizer_config:
+            for key in tokenizer_json["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["pad_token"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_pad_token_id(key["id"])
+
+
+# TENSORS
+
+tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(ARCH,block_count)
+
+# params for qkv transform
+n_head = hparams["n_head"]
+n_head_kv = hparams["n_head_kv"] if "n_head_kv" in hparams else 1
+head_dim = hparams["hidden_size"] // n_head
+
+# tensor info
+print("gguf: get tensor metadata")
+
+if num_parts == 0:
+    part_names = ("pytorch_model.bin",)
+else:
+    part_names = (
+        f"pytorch_model-{n:05}-of-{num_parts:05}.bin" for n in range(1, num_parts + 1)
+    )
+
+for part_name in part_names:
+    print("gguf: loading model part '" + part_name + "'")
+    model_part = torch.load(f"{dir_model}/{part_name}", map_location="cpu")
+
+    for name in model_part.keys():
+        data = model_part[name]
+
+        old_dtype = data.dtype
+
+        # convert any unsupported data types to float32
+        if data.dtype != torch.float16 and data.dtype != torch.float32:
+            data = data.to(torch.float32)
+
+        # QKV tensor transform
+        # The original query_key_value tensor contains n_head_kv "kv groups",
+        # each consisting of n_head/n_head_kv query weights followed by one key
+        # and one value weight (shared by all query heads in the kv group).
+        # This layout makes it a big pain to work with in GGML.
+        # So we rearrange them here,, so that we have n_head query weights
+        # followed by n_head_kv key weights followed by n_head_kv value weights,
+        # in contiguous fashion.
+        # ref: https://github.com/jploski/ggml/blob/falcon40b/examples/falcon/convert-hf-to-ggml.py
+
+        if "query_key_value" in name:
+            qkv = data.view(n_head_kv, n_head // n_head_kv + 2, head_dim, head_dim * n_head)
+            q = qkv[:, :-2 ].reshape(n_head * head_dim, head_dim * n_head)
+            k = qkv[:, [-2]].reshape(n_head_kv * head_dim, head_dim * n_head)
+            v = qkv[:, [-1]].reshape(n_head_kv * head_dim, head_dim * n_head)
+            data = torch.cat((q,k,v)).reshape_as(data)
+
+        data = data.squeeze().numpy()
+
+        # map tensor names
+        if name.endswith(".weight") and name[:-7] in tensor_map:
+            name = tensor_map[name[:-7]] + ".weight"
+        elif name.endswith(".bias") and name[:-5] in tensor_map:
+            name = tensor_map[name[:-5]] + ".bias"
+        else:
+            print("Can not map tensor '" + name + "'")
+            sys.exit()
+
+        n_dims = len(data.shape)
+        data_dtype = data.dtype
+
+        # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
+        if ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
+            data = data.astype(np.float32)
+
+        # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
+        if ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
+            data = data.astype(np.float32)
+
+        # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
+        if ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
+            data = data.astype(np.float16)
+
+        print(name + ", n_dims = " + str(n_dims) + ", " + str(old_dtype) + " --> " + str(data.dtype))
+
+        gguf_writer.add_tensor(name, data)
+
+
+print("gguf: write header")
+gguf_writer.write_header_to_file()
+print("gguf: write metadata")
+gguf_writer.write_kv_data_to_file()
+print("gguf: write tensors")
+gguf_writer.write_tensors_to_file()
+
+gguf_writer.close()
+
+print("gguf: model successfully exported to '" + fname_out + "'")
+print("")

convert-gptneox-hf-to-gguf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+# HF gptneox--> gguf conversion
+
+import gguf
+import os
+import sys
+import struct
+import json
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+
+from typing import Any, List
+from pathlib import Path
+from transformers import AutoTokenizer
+
+# ref: https://github.com/openai/gpt-2/blob/master/src/encoder.py
+
+
+def bytes_to_unicode():
+    """
+    Returns list of utf-8 byte and a corresponding list of unicode strings.
+    The reversible bpe codes work on unicode strings.
+    This means you need a large # of unicode characters in your vocab if you want to avoid UNKs.
+    When you're at something like a 10B token dataset you end up needing around 5K for decent coverage.
+    This is a significant percentage of your normal, say, 32K bpe vocab.
+    To avoid that, we want lookup tables between utf-8 bytes and unicode strings.
+    And avoids mapping to whitespace/control characters the bpe code barfs on.
+    """
+    bs = list(range(ord("!"), ord("~")+1))+list(range(ord("¡"), ord("¬")+1))+list(range(ord("®"), ord("ÿ")+1))
+    cs = bs[:]
+    n = 0
+    for b in range(2**8):
+        if b not in bs:
+            bs.append(b)
+            cs.append(2**8+n)
+            n += 1
+    cs = [chr(n) for n in cs]
+    return dict(zip(bs, cs))
+
+
+def count_model_parts(dir_model: str) -> int:
+    num_parts = 0
+    for filename in os.listdir(dir_model):
+        if filename.startswith("pytorch_model-"):
+            num_parts += 1
+
+    if num_parts > 0:
+        print("gguf: found " + str(num_parts) + " model parts")
+    return num_parts
+
+
+if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+    print("Usage: convert-h5-to-ggml.py dir-model ftype\n")
+    print("  ftype == 0 -> float32")
+    print("  ftype == 1 -> float16")
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+# output in the same directory as the model
+dir_model = sys.argv[1]
+last_dir = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(dir_model))
+
+# possible tensor data types
+#   ftype == 0 -> float32
+#   ftype == 1 -> float16
+
+# map from ftype to string
+ftype_str = ["f32", "f16"]
+
+ftype = 1
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    ftype = int(sys.argv[2])
+    if ftype < 0 or ftype > 1:
+        print("Invalid ftype: " + str(ftype))
+
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+fname_out = sys.argv[1] + "/ggml-model-" + ftype_str[ftype] + ".gguf"
+
+print("gguf: loading model "+last_dir)
+
+with open(dir_model + "/config.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    hparams = json.load(f)
+
+if hparams["architectures"][0] != "GPTNeoXForCausalLM":
+    print("Model architecture not supported: " + hparams["architectures"][0])
+
+    sys.exit()
+
+# get number of model parts
+num_parts = count_model_parts(dir_model)
+
+ARCH=gguf.MODEL_ARCH.GPTNEOX
+gguf_writer = gguf.GGUFWriter(fname_out, gguf.MODEL_ARCH_NAMES[ARCH])
+
+print("gguf: get model metadata")
+
+block_count = hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
+
+gguf_writer.add_name(last_dir)
+gguf_writer.add_context_length(hparams["max_position_embeddings"])
+gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(hparams["hidden_size"])
+gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
+gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(hparams["intermediate_size"])
+gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(int(hparams["rotary_pct"]*(hparams["hidden_size"]//hparams["num_attention_heads"])))
+gguf_writer.add_head_count(hparams["num_attention_heads"])
+gguf_writer.add_parallel_residual(hparams["use_parallel_residual"] if "use_parallel_residual" in hparams else True)
+gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(hparams["layer_norm_eps"])
+
+# TOKENIZATION
+
+print("gguf: get tokenizer metadata")
+
+tokens: List[str] = []
+merges: List[str] = []
+
+
+if Path(dir_model + "/tokenizer.json").is_file():
+    # gpt2 tokenizer
+    gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("gpt2")
+
+    print("gguf: get gpt2 tokenizer merges")
+
+    with open(dir_model + "/tokenizer.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        tokenizer_json = json.load(f)
+    merges = tokenizer_json["model"]["merges"]
+
+    gguf_writer.add_token_merges(merges)
+
+    print("gguf: get gpt2 tokenizer vocab")
+
+    vocab_size = len(tokenizer_json["model"]["vocab"])
+
+    # ref: https://github.com/cmp-nct/ggllm.cpp/blob/master/falcon_convert.py
+    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(dir_model)
+
+    reverse_vocab = {id: encoded_tok for encoded_tok, id in tokenizer.vocab.items()}
+    byte_encoder = bytes_to_unicode()
+    byte_decoder = {v: k for k, v in byte_encoder.items()}
+
+    for i in range(vocab_size):
+        if i in reverse_vocab:
+            try:
+                text = bytearray([byte_decoder[c] for c in reverse_vocab[i]])
+            except KeyError:
+                text = bytearray()
+                for c in reverse_vocab[i]:
+                    if ord(c) < 256:  # single byte character
+                        text.append(byte_decoder[ord(c)])
+                    else:  # multibyte special token character
+                        text.extend(c.encode('utf-8'))
+        else:
+            print(f"Key {i} not in tokenizer vocabulary. Padding with an arbitrary token.")
+            pad_token = f"[PAD{i}]".encode("utf8")
+            text = bytearray(pad_token)
+
+        tokens.append(text)
+
+    gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
+
+    if "added_tokens" in tokenizer_json and Path(dir_model + "/tokenizer_config.json").is_file():
+        print("gguf: get special token ids")
+
+        with open(dir_model + "/tokenizer_config.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            tokenizer_config = json.load(f)
+
+        # find special token ids
+
+        if "bos_token" in tokenizer_config:
+            for key in tokenizer_json["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["bos_token"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_bos_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "eos_token" in tokenizer_config:
+            for key in tokenizer_json["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["eos_token"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_eos_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "unk_token" in tokenizer_config:
+            for key in tokenizer_json["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["unk_token"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_unk_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "sep_token" in tokenizer_config:
+            for key in tokenizer_json["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["sep_token"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_sep_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "pad_token" in tokenizer_config:
+            for key in tokenizer_json["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["pad_token"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_pad_token_id(key["id"])
+
+
+# TENSORS
+
+tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(ARCH,block_count)
+
+# tensor info
+print("gguf: get tensor metadata")
+
+if num_parts == 0:
+    part_names = ("pytorch_model.bin",)
+else:
+    part_names = (
+        f"pytorch_model-{n:05}-of-{num_parts:05}.bin" for n in range(1, num_parts + 1)
+    )
+
+for part_name in part_names:
+    print("gguf: loading model part '" + part_name + "'")
+    model_part = torch.load(f"{dir_model}/{part_name}", map_location="cpu")
+
+    for name in model_part.keys():
+        data = model_part[name]
+
+        # we don't need these
+        if name.endswith(".attention.masked_bias") or name.endswith(".attention.bias") or name.endswith(".attention.rotary_emb.inv_freq"):
+            continue
+
+        old_dtype = data.dtype
+
+        # convert any unsupported data types to float32
+        if data.dtype != torch.float16 and data.dtype != torch.float32:
+            data = data.to(torch.float32)
+
+        data = data.squeeze().numpy()
+
+        # map tensor names
+        if name.endswith(".weight") and name[:-7] in tensor_map:
+            name = tensor_map[name[:-7]] + ".weight"
+        elif name.endswith(".bias") and name[:-5] in tensor_map:
+            name = tensor_map[name[:-5]] + ".bias"
+        else:
+            print("Can not map tensor '" + name + "'")
+            sys.exit()
+
+        n_dims = len(data.shape)
+        data_dtype = data.dtype
+
+        # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
+        if ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
+            data = data.astype(np.float32)
+
+        # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
+        if ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
+            data = data.astype(np.float32)
+
+        # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
+        if ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
+            data = data.astype(np.float16)
+
+        print(name + ", n_dims = " + str(n_dims) + ", " + str(old_dtype) + " --> " + str(data.dtype))
+
+        gguf_writer.add_tensor(name, data)
+
+
+print("gguf: write header")
+gguf_writer.write_header_to_file()
+print("gguf: write metadata")
+gguf_writer.write_kv_data_to_file()
+print("gguf: write tensors")
+gguf_writer.write_tensors_to_file()
+
+gguf_writer.close()
+
+print("gguf: model successfully exported to '" + fname_out + "'")
+print("")

convert-llama-7b-pth-to-gguf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+# 7b pth llama --> gguf conversion
+# Only models with a single datafile are supported, like 7B
+# HF files required in the model dir: config.json tokenizer_config.json tokenizer.json tokenizer.model
+
+import gguf
+import os
+import sys
+import struct
+import json
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+
+from typing import Any, List
+from pathlib import Path
+from sentencepiece import SentencePieceProcessor
+
+#NDArray = np.ndarray[Any, Any]
+# compatible with python < 3.9
+NDArray: 'TypeAlias' = 'np.ndarray[Any, Any]'
+
+
+def count_model_parts(dir_model: str) -> int:
+    num_parts = 0
+    for filename in os.listdir(dir_model):
+        if filename.startswith("consolidated."):
+            num_parts += 1
+
+    if num_parts > 0:
+        print("gguf: found " + str(num_parts) + " model parts")
+    return num_parts
+
+
+if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+    print("Usage: convert-h5-to-ggml.py dir-model ftype\n")
+    print("  ftype == 0 -> float32")
+    print("  ftype == 1 -> float16")
+
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+# output in the same directory as the model
+dir_model = sys.argv[1]
+last_dir = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(dir_model))
+
+
+# possible tensor data types
+#   ftype == 0 -> float32
+#   ftype == 1 -> float16
+
+# map from ftype to string
+ftype_str = ["f32", "f16"]
+
+ftype = 1
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    ftype = int(sys.argv[2])
+    if ftype < 0 or ftype > 1:
+        print("Invalid ftype: " + str(ftype))
+
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+fname_out = sys.argv[1] + "/ggml-model-" + ftype_str[ftype] + ".gguf"
+
+print("gguf: loading model "+last_dir)
+
+with open(dir_model + "/config.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    hparams = json.load(f)
+
+if hparams["architectures"][0] != "LlamaForCausalLM":
+    print("Model architecture not supported: " + hparams["architectures"][0])
+    sys.exit()
+
+# get number of model parts
+num_parts = count_model_parts(dir_model)
+
+if num_parts > 1:
+    print("gguf: Only models with a single datafile are supported.")
+
+    sys.exit()
+
+ARCH=gguf.MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA
+gguf_writer = gguf.GGUFWriter(fname_out, gguf.MODEL_ARCH_NAMES[ARCH])
+
+
+print("gguf: get model metadata")
+
+block_count = hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
+head_count = hparams["num_attention_heads"]
+
+if "num_key_value_heads" in hparams:
+    head_count_kv = hparams["num_key_value_heads"]
+else:
+    head_count_kv = head_count
+
+if "_name_or_path" in hparams:
+    hf_repo = hparams["_name_or_path"]
+else:
+    hf_repo = ""
+
+if "max_sequence_length" in hparams:
+    ctx_length = hparams["max_sequence_length"]
+elif "max_position_embeddings" in hparams:
+    ctx_length = hparams["max_position_embeddings"]
+else:
+    print("gguf: can not find ctx length parameter.")
+
+    sys.exit()
+
+
+gguf_writer.add_name(last_dir)
+gguf_writer.add_source_hf_repo(hf_repo)
+gguf_writer.add_tensor_data_layout("Meta AI original pth")
+gguf_writer.add_context_length(ctx_length)
+gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(hparams["hidden_size"])
+gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
+gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(hparams["intermediate_size"])
+gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(hparams["hidden_size"] // hparams["num_attention_heads"])
+gguf_writer.add_head_count(head_count)
+gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(head_count_kv)
+gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(hparams["rms_norm_eps"])
+
+if "rope_scaling" in hparams and hparams["rope_scaling"] != None and "factor" in hparams["rope_scaling"]:
+    if "type" in hparams["rope_scaling"]:
+        if hparams["rope_scaling"]["type"] == "linear":
+            gguf_writer.add_rope_scale_linear(hparams["rope_scaling"]["factor"])
+
+
+# TOKENIZATION
+
+print("gguf: get tokenizer metadata")
+
+tokens: List[bytes] = []
+scores: List[float] = []
+toktypes: List[int] = []
+
+if Path(dir_model + "/tokenizer.model").is_file():
+    # vocab type sentencepiece
+    print("gguf: get sentencepiece tokenizer vocab and scores")
+
+    tokenizer = SentencePieceProcessor(dir_model + "/tokenizer.model")
+
+    for i in range(tokenizer.vocab_size()):
+        text: bytes
+        score: float
+
+        piece = tokenizer.id_to_piece(i)
+        text = piece.encode("utf-8")
+        score = tokenizer.get_score(i)
+
+        toktype = 1  # defualt to normal token type
+        if tokenizer.is_unknown(i):
+            toktype = 2
+        if tokenizer.is_control(i):
+            toktype = 3
+
+        # toktype = 4 is user-defined = tokens from added_tokens.json
+
+        if tokenizer.is_unused(i):
+            toktype = 5
+        if tokenizer.is_byte(i):
+            toktype = 6
+
+        tokens.append(text)
+        scores.append(score)
+        toktypes.append(toktype)
+
+    if Path(dir_model + "/added_tokens.json").is_file():
+        with open(dir_model + "/added_tokens.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            addtokens_json = json.load(f)
+
+            print("gguf: get added tokens")
+
+            for key in addtokens_json:
+                tokens.append( key.encode("utf-8") )
+                scores.append(-1000.0)
+                toktypes.append(4) # user-defined token type
+
+    gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("llama")
+    gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
+    gguf_writer.add_token_scores(scores)
+    gguf_writer.add_token_types(toktypes)
+
+
+print("gguf: get special token ids")
+
+if Path(dir_model + "/tokenizer.json").is_file():
+    # Look for special tokens in tokenizer.json if it exists
+
+    with open(dir_model + "/tokenizer.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        tokenizer = json.load(f)
+
+    if "added_tokens" in tokenizer and Path(dir_model + "/tokenizer_config.json").is_file():
+
+        with open(dir_model + "/tokenizer_config.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            tokenizer_config = json.load(f)
+
+        if "bos_token" in tokenizer_config and tokenizer_config["bos_token"] != None:
+            for key in tokenizer["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["bos_token"]["content"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_bos_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "eos_token" in tokenizer_config and tokenizer_config["eos_token"] != None:
+            for key in tokenizer["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["eos_token"]["content"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_eos_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "unk_token" in tokenizer_config and tokenizer_config["unk_token"] != None:
+            for key in tokenizer["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["unk_token"]["content"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_unk_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "sep_token" in tokenizer_config and tokenizer_config["sep_token"] != None:
+            for key in tokenizer["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["sep_token"]["content"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_sep_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "pad_token" in tokenizer_config and tokenizer_config["pad_token"] != None:
+            for key in tokenizer["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["pad_token"]["content"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_pad_token_id(key["id"])
+else:
+    # If no tokenizer.json: Look for special tokens in config.json
+
+    if "bos_token_id" in hparams and hparams["bos_token_id"] != None:
+        gguf_writer.add_bos_token_id(hparams["bos_token_id"])
+
+    if "eos_token_id" in hparams and hparams["eos_token_id"] != None:
+        gguf_writer.add_eos_token_id(hparams["eos_token_id"])
+
+    if "unk_token_id" in hparams and hparams["unk_token_id"] != None:
+        gguf_writer.add_unk_token_id(hparams["unk_token_id"])
+
+    if "sep_token_id" in hparams and hparams["sep_token_id"] != None:
+        gguf_writer.add_sep_token_id(hparams["sep_token_id"])
+
+    if "pad_token_id" in hparams and hparams["pad_token_id"] != None:
+        gguf_writer.add_pad_token_id(hparams["pad_token_id"])
+
+
+# TENSORS
+
+tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(ARCH,block_count)
+
+# tensor info
+print("gguf: get tensor metadata")
+
+part_names = (f"consolidated.{n:02}.pth" for n in range(0, num_parts))
+
+for part_name in part_names:
+    print("gguf: loading model part '" + part_name + "'")
+    model_part = torch.load(f"{dir_model}/{part_name}", map_location="cpu")
+
+    for name in model_part.keys():
+        data = model_part[name]
+
+        # we don't need these
+        if name == "rope.freqs":
+            continue
+
+        old_dtype = data.dtype
+
+        # convert any unsupported data types to float32
+        if data.dtype != torch.float16 and data.dtype != torch.float32:
+            data = data.to(torch.float32)
+
+        data = data.squeeze().numpy()
+
+        # map tensor names
+        if name.endswith(".weight") and name[:-7] in tensor_map:
+            name = tensor_map[name[:-7]] + ".weight"
+        elif name.endswith(".bias") and name[:-5] in tensor_map:
+            name = tensor_map[name[:-5]] + ".bias"
+        else:
+            print("Can not map tensor '" + name + "'")
+            sys.exit()
+
+        n_dims = len(data.shape)
+        data_dtype = data.dtype
+
+        # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
+        if ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
+            data = data.astype(np.float32)
+
+        # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
+        if ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
+            data = data.astype(np.float32)
+
+        # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
+        if ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
+            data = data.astype(np.float16)
+
+        print(name + ", n_dims = " + str(n_dims) + ", " + str(old_dtype) + " --> " + str(data.dtype))
+
+        gguf_writer.add_tensor(name, data)
+
+
+print("gguf: write header")
+gguf_writer.write_header_to_file()
+print("gguf: write metadata")
+gguf_writer.write_kv_data_to_file()
+print("gguf: write tensors")
+gguf_writer.write_tensors_to_file()
+
+gguf_writer.close()
+
+
+print("gguf: model successfully exported to '" + fname_out + "'")
+print("")

convert-llama-ggmlv3-to-gguf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+import sys, struct, math, argparse
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import numpy as np
+
+import gguf
+
+# Note: Does not support GGML_QKK_64
+QK_K = 256
+# Items here are (block size, type size)
+GGML_QUANT_SIZES = {
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.F32  : (1, 4),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.F16  : (1, 2),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q4_0 : (32, 2 + 16),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q4_1 : (32, 2 + 2 + 16),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q5_0 : (32, 2 + 4 + 16),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q5_1 : (32, 2 + 2 + 4 + 16),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q8_0 : (32, 2 + 32),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q8_1 : (32, 4 + 4 + 32),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q2_K : (256, 2 + 2 + QK_K // 16 + QK_K // 4),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q3_K : (256, 2 + QK_K // 4 + QK_K // 8 + 12),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q4_K : (256, 2 + 2 + QK_K // 2 + 12),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q5_K : (256, 2 + 2 + QK_K // 2 + QK_K // 8 + 12),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q6_K : (256, 2 + QK_K // 2 + QK_K // 4 + QK_K // 16),
+    gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.Q8_K : (256, 4 + QK_K + QK_K // 8),
+}
+
+class Hyperparameters:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.n_vocab = self.n_embd = self.n_mult = self.n_head = self.n_layer = self.n_rot = self.ftype = 0
+        self.n_ff = 0
+
+    def set_n_ff(self, model):
+        ff_tensor_idx = model.tensor_map.get(b'layers.0.feed_forward.w1.weight')
+        assert ff_tensor_idx is not None, 'Missing layer 0 FF tensor'
+        ff_tensor = model.tensors[ff_tensor_idx]
+        self.n_ff = ff_tensor.dims[1]
+
+    def load(self, data, offset):
+        (
+            self.n_vocab,
+            self.n_embd,
+            self.n_mult,
+            self.n_head,
+            self.n_layer,
+            self.n_rot,
+            self.ftype,
+        ) = struct.unpack('<7I', data[offset:offset + (4 * 7)])
+        return 4 * 7
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'<Hyperparameters: n_vocab={self.n_vocab}, n_embd={self.n_embd}, n_mult={self.n_mult}, n_head={self.n_head}, n_layer={self.n_layer}, n_rot={self.n_rot}, n_ff={self.n_ff}, ftype={self.ftype}>'
+
+class Vocab:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.items = []
+
+    def load(self, data, offset, n_vocab):
+        orig_offset = offset
+        for _ in range(n_vocab):
+            itemlen = struct.unpack('<I', data[offset:offset + 4])[0]
+            assert itemlen < 4096, 'Absurd vocab item length'
+            offset += 4
+            vocab = bytes(data[offset:offset + itemlen])
+            offset += itemlen
+            score = struct.unpack('<f', data[offset:offset + 4])[0]
+            offset += 4
+            self.items.append((vocab, score))
+        return offset - orig_offset
+
+class Tensor:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.name = None
+        self.dims = ()
+        self.dtype = None
+        self.start_offset = 0
+        self.len_bytes = 0
+
+    def load(self, data, offset):
+        orig_offset = offset
+        (n_dims, name_len, dtype) = struct.unpack('<3I', data[offset:offset + 12])
+        assert n_dims >= 0 and n_dims <= 4, f'Invalid tensor dimensions {n_dims}'
+        assert name_len < 4096, 'Absurd tensor name length'
+        quant = GGML_QUANT_SIZES.get(dtype)
+        assert quant is not None, 'Unknown tensor type'
+        (blksize, tysize) = quant
+        offset += 12
+        self.dtype= dtype
+        self.dims = struct.unpack(f'<{n_dims}I', data[offset:offset + (4 * n_dims)])
+        offset += 4 * n_dims
+        self.name = bytes(data[offset:offset + name_len])
+        offset += name_len
+        pad = ((offset + 31) & ~31) - offset
+        offset += pad
+        n_elems = np.prod(self.dims)
+        n_bytes = np.int64(np.int64(n_elems) * np.int64(tysize)) // np.int64(blksize)
+        self.start_offset = offset
+        self.len_bytes = n_bytes
+        offset += n_bytes
+        # print(n_dims, name_len, dtype, self.dims, self.name, pad)
+        return offset - orig_offset
+
+class GGMLV3Model:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.hyperparameters = None
+        self.vocab = None
+        self.tensor_map = {}
+        self.tensors = []
+
+    def validate_header(self, data, offset):
+        if bytes(data[offset:offset + 4]) != b'tjgg' or struct.unpack('<I', data[offset + 4:offset + 8])[0] != 3:
+            raise ValueError('Only GGJTv3 supported')
+        return 8
+
+    def load(self, data, offset):
+        offset += self.validate_header(data, offset)
+        hp = Hyperparameters()
+        offset += hp.load(data, offset)
+        vocab = Vocab()
+        offset += vocab.load(data, offset, hp.n_vocab)
+        tensors = []
+        tensor_map = {}
+        while offset < len(data):
+            tensor = Tensor()
+            offset += tensor.load(data, offset)
+            tensor_map[tensor.name] = len(tensors)
+            tensors.append(tensor)
+        self.hyperparameters = hp
+        self.vocab = vocab
+        self.tensors = tensors
+        self.tensor_map = tensor_map
+        hp.set_n_ff(self)
+        return offset
+
+class GGMLToGGUF:
+    def __init__(self, ggml_model, data, cfg, params_override = None, vocab_override = None):
+        hp = ggml_model.hyperparameters
+        self.model = ggml_model
+        self.data = data
+        self.cfg = cfg
+        self.params_override = params_override
+        self.vocab_override = vocab_override
+        if params_override is not None:
+            n_kv_head = params_override.n_head_kv
+        else:
+            if cfg.gqa == 1:
+                n_kv_head = hp.n_head
+            else:
+                gqa = float(cfg.gqa)
+                n_kv_head = None
+                for x in range(1, 256):
+                    if float(hp.n_head) / float(x) == gqa:
+                        n_kv_head = x
+                assert n_kv_head is not None, "Couldn't determine n_kv_head from GQA param"
+                print(f'- Guessed n_kv_head = {n_kv_head} based on GQA {cfg.gqa}')
+        self.n_kv_head = n_kv_head
+        self.name_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(gguf.MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA, ggml_model.hyperparameters.n_layer)
+
+    def save(self):
+        print('* Preparing to save GGUF file')
+        gguf_writer = gguf.GGUFWriter(self.cfg.output, gguf.MODEL_ARCH_NAMES[gguf.MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA], use_temp_file = False)
+        self.add_params(gguf_writer)
+        self.add_vocab(gguf_writer)
+        self.add_tensors(gguf_writer)
+        print("    gguf: write header")
+        gguf_writer.write_header_to_file()
+        print("    gguf: write metadata")
+        gguf_writer.write_kv_data_to_file()
+        print("    gguf: write tensors")
+        gguf_writer.write_tensors_to_file()
+        gguf_writer.close()
+
+    def add_params(self, gguf_writer):
+        hp = self.model.hyperparameters
+        cfg = self.cfg
+        desc = cfg.desc if cfg.desc is not None else 'converted from legacy GGJTv3 format'
+        try:
+            # Filenames aren't necessarily valid UTF8.
+            name = cfg.name if cfg.name is not None else cfg.input.name
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            name = None
+        print('* Adding model parameters and KV items')
+        if name is not None:
+            gguf_writer.add_name(name)
+        gguf_writer.add_description(desc)
+        if self.params_override is not None:
+            po = self.params_override
+            assert po.n_embd == hp.n_embd, 'Model hyperparams mismatch'
+            assert po.n_layer == hp.n_layer, 'Model hyperparams mismatch'
+            assert po.n_head == hp.n_head, 'Model hyperparams mismatch'
+            gguf_writer.add_context_length      (po.n_ctx)
+            gguf_writer.add_embedding_length    (po.n_embd)
+            gguf_writer.add_block_count         (po.n_layer)
+            gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length (po.n_ff)
+            gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(po.n_embd // po.n_head)
+            gguf_writer.add_head_count          (po.n_head)
+            gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv       (po.n_head_kv)
+            gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps  (po.f_norm_eps)
+            return
+        gguf_writer.add_context_length(cfg.context_length)
+        gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(hp.n_embd)
+        gguf_writer.add_block_count(hp.n_layer)
+        gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(hp.n_ff)
+        gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(hp.n_embd // hp.n_head)
+        gguf_writer.add_head_count(hp.n_head)
+        gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(self.n_kv_head)
+        gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(float(cfg.eps))
+
+    def add_vocab(self, gguf_writer):
+        hp = self.model.hyperparameters
+        gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model('llama')
+        tokens = []
+        scores = []
+        toktypes = []
+        if self.vocab_override is not None:
+            vo = self.vocab_override
+            print('* Adding vocab item(s)')
+            for (idx, (vbytes, score, ttype)) in enumerate(vo.all_tokens()):
+                tokens.append(vbytes)
+                scores.append(score)
+                toktypes.append(ttype)
+            assert len(tokens) == hp.n_vocab, f'Override vocab has a different number of items than hyperparameters - override = {len(tokens)} but n_vocab={hp.n_vocab}'
+            gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
+            gguf_writer.add_token_scores(scores)
+            if len(toktypes) > 0:
+                gguf_writer.add_token_types(toktypes)
+            return
+        print(f'* Adding {hp.n_vocab} vocab item(s)')
+        assert len(self.model.vocab.items) >= 3, 'Cannot handle unexpectedly short model vocab'
+        for (tokid, (vbytes, vscore)) in enumerate(self.model.vocab.items):
+            tt = 1 # Normal
+            # Special handling for UNK, BOS, EOS tokens.
+            if tokid <= 2:
+                if tokid == 0:
+                    vbytes = b'<unk>'
+                    tt = 2
+                elif tokid == 1:
+                    vbytes = b'<s>'
+                    tt = 3
+                else:
+                    vbytes = b'</s>'
+                    tt = 3
+            elif len(vbytes) == 0:
+                tt = 3 # Control
+            elif tokid >= 3 and tokid <= 258 and len(vbytes) == 1:
+                vbytes = bytes(f'<0x{vbytes[0]:02X}>', encoding = 'UTF-8')
+                tt = 6 # Byte
+            else:
+                vbytes = vbytes.replace(b' ', b'\xe2\x96\x81')
+            toktypes.append(tt)
+            tokens.append(vbytes)
+            scores.append(vscore)
+        gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
+        gguf_writer.add_token_scores(scores)
+        gguf_writer.add_token_types(toktypes)
+        gguf_writer.add_unk_token_id(0)
+        gguf_writer.add_bos_token_id(1)
+        gguf_writer.add_eos_token_id(2)
+
+    def add_tensors(self, gguf_writer):
+        nm = self.name_map
+        data = self.data
+        print(f'* Adding {len(self.model.tensors)} tensor(s)')
+        for tensor in self.model.tensors:
+            name = str(tensor.name, 'UTF-8')
+            if name.endswith('.weight'):
+                name = name[:-7]
+                suffix = '.weight'
+            elif name.endswith('.bias'):
+                name = name[:-5]
+                suffix = '.bias'
+            mapped_name = nm.get(name)
+            assert mapped_name is not None, f'Bad name {name}'
+            mapped_name += suffix
+            tempdims = list(tensor.dims[:])
+            if len(tempdims) > 1:
+                temp = tempdims[1]
+                tempdims[1] = tempdims[0]
+                tempdims[0] = temp
+            # print(f'+ {tensor.name} | {mapped_name} {tensor.dims} :: {tempdims}')
+            gguf_writer.add_tensor(mapped_name, data[tensor.start_offset:tensor.start_offset + tensor.len_bytes], raw_shape = tempdims, raw_dtype = tensor.dtype)
+
+def handle_metadata(cfg, hp):
+    import convert
+    assert cfg.model_metadata_dir.is_dir(), 'Metadata dir is not a directory'
+    hf_config_path   = cfg.model_metadata_dir / "config.json"
+    orig_config_path = cfg.model_metadata_dir / "params.json"
+    # We pass a fake model here. "original" mode will check the shapes of some
+    # tensors if information is missing in the .json file: other than that, the
+    # model data isn't used so this should be safe (at least for now).
+    fakemodel = {
+        'tok_embeddings.weight': convert.LazyTensor.__new__(convert.LazyTensor),
+        'layers.0.feed_forward.w1.weight': convert.LazyTensor.__new__(convert.LazyTensor),
+    }
+    fakemodel['tok_embeddings.weight'].shape = [hp.n_vocab]
+    fakemodel['layers.0.feed_forward.w1.weight'].shape = [hp.n_ff]
+    if hf_config_path.exists():
+        params = convert.Params.loadHFTransformerJson(fakemodel, hf_config_path)
+    elif orig_config_path.exists():
+        params = convert.Params.loadOriginalParamsJson(fakemodel, orig_config_path)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError('Unable to load metadata')
+    vocab = convert.load_vocab(cfg.vocab_dir if cfg.vocab_dir is not None else cfg.model_metadata_dir, cfg.vocabtype)
+    convert.check_vocab_size(params, vocab)
+    return (params, vocab)
+
+def handle_args():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description = 'Convert GGMLv3 models to GGUF')
+    parser.add_argument('--input', '-i', type = Path, help = 'Input GGMLv3 filename')
+    parser.add_argument('--output', '-o', type = Path, help ='Output GGUF filename')
+    parser.add_argument('--name', help = 'Set model name')
+    parser.add_argument('--desc', help = 'Set model description')
+    parser.add_argument('--gqa', type = int, default = 1, help = 'grouped-query attention factor (use 8 for LLaMA2 70B)')
+    parser.add_argument('--eps', default = '5.0e-06', help = 'RMS norm eps: Use 1e-6 for LLaMA1 and OpenLLaMA, use 1e-5 for LLaMA2')
+    parser.add_argument('--context-length', '-c', type=int, default = 2048, help = 'Default max context length: LLaMA1 is typically 2048, LLaMA2 is typically 4096')
+    parser.add_argument('--model-metadata-dir', '-m', type = Path, help ='Load HuggingFace/.pth vocab and metadata from the specified directory')
+    parser.add_argument("--vocab-dir", type=Path, help="directory containing tokenizer.model, if separate from model file - only meaningful with --model-metadata-dir")
+    parser.add_argument("--vocabtype", choices=["spm", "bpe"], help="vocab format - only meaningful with --model-metadata-dir and/or --vocab-dir (default: spm)", default="spm")
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+def main():
+    cfg = handle_args()
+    print(f'* Using config: {cfg}')
+    print('\n=== WARNING === Be aware that this conversion script is best-effort. Use a native GGUF model if possible. === WARNING ===\n')
+    data = np.memmap(cfg.input, mode = 'r')
+    model = GGMLV3Model()
+    print('* Scanning GGML input file')
+    offset = model.load(data, 0)
+    print(f'* GGML model hyperparameters: {model.hyperparameters}')
+    vocab_override = None
+    params_override = None
+    if cfg.model_metadata_dir is not None:
+        (params_override, vocab_override) = handle_metadata(cfg, model.hyperparameters)
+        print('!! Note: When overriding params the --gqa, --eps and --context-length options are ignored.')
+        print(f'* Overriding params: {params_override}')
+        print(f'* Overriding vocab: {vocab_override}')
+    else:
+        print('\n=== WARNING === Special tokens may not be converted correctly. Use --model-metadata-dir if possible === WARNING ===\n')
+    converter = GGMLToGGUF(model, data, cfg, params_override = params_override, vocab_override = vocab_override)
+    converter.save()
+    print(f'* Successful completion. Output saved to: {cfg.output}')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

convert-llama-hf-to-gguf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# HF llama --> gguf conversion
+
+import gguf
+import os
+import sys
+import struct
+import json
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+
+from typing import Any, List, Optional
+from pathlib import Path
+from sentencepiece import SentencePieceProcessor
+
+#NDArray = np.ndarray[Any, Any]
+# compatible with python < 3.9
+NDArray: 'TypeAlias' = 'np.ndarray[Any, Any]'
+
+# reverse HF permute back to original pth layout
+# https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/main/src/transformers/models/llama/convert_llama_weights_to_hf.py
+
+
+def reverse_hf_permute(weights: NDArray, n_head: int, n_kv_head: Optional[int] = None) -> NDArray:
+    if n_kv_head is not None and n_head != n_kv_head:
+        n_head //= n_kv_head
+
+    return (weights.reshape(n_head, 2, weights.shape[0] // n_head // 2, *weights.shape[1:])
+            .swapaxes(1, 2)
+            .reshape(weights.shape))
+
+
+def count_model_parts(dir_model: str) -> int:
+    num_parts = 0
+
+    for filename in os.listdir(dir_model):
+        if filename.startswith("pytorch_model-"):
+            num_parts += 1
+
+    if num_parts > 0:
+        print("gguf: found " + str(num_parts) + " model parts")
+
+    return num_parts
+
+
+if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+    print("Usage: convert-h5-to-ggml.py dir-model ftype\n")
+    print("  ftype == 0 -> float32")
+    print("  ftype == 1 -> float16")
+
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+# output in the same directory as the model
+dir_model = sys.argv[1]
+last_dir = os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(dir_model))
+
+
+# possible tensor data types
+#   ftype == 0 -> float32
+#   ftype == 1 -> float16
+
+
+# map from ftype to string
+ftype_str = ["f32", "f16"]
+
+ftype = 1
+if len(sys.argv) > 2:
+    ftype = int(sys.argv[2])
+    if ftype < 0 or ftype > 1:
+        print("Invalid ftype: " + str(ftype))
+
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+fname_out = sys.argv[1] + "/ggml-model-" + ftype_str[ftype] + ".gguf"
+
+print("gguf: loading model "+last_dir)
+
+with open(dir_model + "/config.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    hparams = json.load(f)
+
+if hparams["architectures"][0] != "LlamaForCausalLM":
+    print("Model architecture not supported: " + hparams["architectures"][0])
+
+    sys.exit()
+
+# get number of model parts
+num_parts = count_model_parts(dir_model)
+
+ARCH=gguf.MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA
+gguf_writer = gguf.GGUFWriter(fname_out, gguf.MODEL_ARCH_NAMES[ARCH])
+
+print("gguf: get model metadata")
+
+block_count = hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
+head_count = hparams["num_attention_heads"]
+
+if "num_key_value_heads" in hparams:
+    head_count_kv = hparams["num_key_value_heads"]
+else:
+    head_count_kv = head_count
+
+if "_name_or_path" in hparams:
+    hf_repo = hparams["_name_or_path"]
+else:
+    hf_repo = ""
+
+if "max_sequence_length" in hparams:
+    ctx_length = hparams["max_sequence_length"]
+elif "max_position_embeddings" in hparams:
+    ctx_length = hparams["max_position_embeddings"]
+else:
+    print("gguf: can not find ctx length parameter.")
+
+    sys.exit()
+
+
+gguf_writer.add_name(last_dir)
+gguf_writer.add_source_hf_repo(hf_repo)
+gguf_writer.add_tensor_data_layout("Meta AI original pth")
+gguf_writer.add_context_length(ctx_length)
+gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(hparams["hidden_size"])
+gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
+gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(hparams["intermediate_size"])
+gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(hparams["hidden_size"] // hparams["num_attention_heads"])
+gguf_writer.add_head_count(head_count)
+gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(head_count_kv)
+gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(hparams["rms_norm_eps"])
+
+if "rope_scaling" in hparams and hparams["rope_scaling"] != None and "factor" in hparams["rope_scaling"]:
+    if "type" in hparams["rope_scaling"]:
+        if hparams["rope_scaling"]["type"] == "linear":
+            gguf_writer.add_rope_scale_linear(hparams["rope_scaling"]["factor"])
+
+
+# TOKENIZATION
+
+print("gguf: get tokenizer metadata")
+
+tokens: List[bytes] = []
+scores: List[float] = []
+toktypes: List[int] = []
+
+if Path(dir_model + "/tokenizer.model").is_file():
+    # vocab type sentencepiece
+    print("gguf: get sentencepiece tokenizer vocab, scores and token types")
+
+    tokenizer = SentencePieceProcessor(dir_model + "/tokenizer.model")
+
+    for i in range(tokenizer.vocab_size()):
+        text: bytes
+        score: float
+
+        piece = tokenizer.id_to_piece(i)
+        text = piece.encode("utf-8")
+        score = tokenizer.get_score(i)
+
+        toktype = 1  # defualt to normal token type
+        if tokenizer.is_unknown(i):
+            toktype = 2
+        if tokenizer.is_control(i):
+            toktype = 3
+
+        # toktype = 4 is user-defined = tokens from added_tokens.json
+
+        if tokenizer.is_unused(i):
+            toktype = 5
+        if tokenizer.is_byte(i):
+            toktype = 6
+
+        tokens.append(text)
+        scores.append(score)
+        toktypes.append(toktype)
+
+    if Path(dir_model + "/added_tokens.json").is_file():
+        with open(dir_model + "/added_tokens.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            addtokens_json = json.load(f)
+
+            print("gguf: get added tokens")
+
+            for key in addtokens_json:
+                tokens.append( key.encode("utf-8") )
+                scores.append(-1000.0)
+                toktypes.append(4) # user-defined token type
+
+
+    gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("llama")
+    gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
+    gguf_writer.add_token_scores(scores)
+    gguf_writer.add_token_types(toktypes)
+
+
+print("gguf: get special token ids")
+
+if Path(dir_model + "/tokenizer.json").is_file():
+    # Look for special tokens in tokenizer.json if it exists
+
+    with open(dir_model + "/tokenizer.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        tokenizer = json.load(f)
+
+    if "added_tokens" in tokenizer and Path(dir_model + "/tokenizer_config.json").is_file():
+
+        with open(dir_model + "/tokenizer_config.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            tokenizer_config = json.load(f)
+
+        if "bos_token" in tokenizer_config and tokenizer_config["bos_token"] != None:
+            for key in tokenizer["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["bos_token"]["content"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_bos_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "eos_token" in tokenizer_config and tokenizer_config["eos_token"] != None:
+            for key in tokenizer["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["eos_token"]["content"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_eos_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "unk_token" in tokenizer_config and tokenizer_config["unk_token"] != None:
+            for key in tokenizer["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["unk_token"]["content"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_unk_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "sep_token" in tokenizer_config and tokenizer_config["sep_token"] != None:
+            for key in tokenizer["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["sep_token"]["content"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_sep_token_id(key["id"])
+
+        if "pad_token" in tokenizer_config and tokenizer_config["pad_token"] != None:
+            for key in tokenizer["added_tokens"]:
+                if key["content"] == tokenizer_config["pad_token"]["content"]:
+                    gguf_writer.add_pad_token_id(key["id"])
+else:
+    # If no tokenizer.json: Look for special tokens in config.json
+
+    if "bos_token_id" in hparams and hparams["bos_token_id"] != None:
+        gguf_writer.add_bos_token_id(hparams["bos_token_id"])
+
+    if "eos_token_id" in hparams and hparams["eos_token_id"] != None:
+        gguf_writer.add_eos_token_id(hparams["eos_token_id"])
+
+    if "unk_token_id" in hparams and hparams["unk_token_id"] != None:
+        gguf_writer.add_unk_token_id(hparams["unk_token_id"])
+
+    if "sep_token_id" in hparams and hparams["sep_token_id"] != None:
+        gguf_writer.add_sep_token_id(hparams["sep_token_id"])
+
+    if "pad_token_id" in hparams and hparams["pad_token_id"] != None:
+        gguf_writer.add_pad_token_id(hparams["pad_token_id"])
+
+
+# TENSORS
+
+tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(ARCH,block_count)
+
+# tensor info
+print("gguf: get tensor metadata")
+
+if num_parts == 0:
+    part_names = ("pytorch_model.bin",)
+else:
+    part_names = (
+        f"pytorch_model-{n:05}-of-{num_parts:05}.bin" for n in range(1, num_parts + 1)
+    )
+
+for part_name in part_names:
+    print("gguf: loading model part '" + part_name + "'")
+    model_part = torch.load(f"{dir_model}/{part_name}", map_location="cpu")
+
+    for name in model_part.keys():
+        data = model_part[name]
+
+        # we don't need these
+        if name.endswith(".rotary_emb.inv_freq"):
+            continue
+
+        old_dtype = data.dtype
+
+        # convert any unsupported data types to float32
+        if data.dtype != torch.float16 and data.dtype != torch.float32:
+            data = data.to(torch.float32)
+
+        data = data.squeeze().numpy()
+
+        # reverse permute these
+        if name.endswith(".q_proj.weight"):
+            data = reverse_hf_permute(data, head_count)
+        if name.endswith(".k_proj.weight"):
+            data = reverse_hf_permute(data, head_count, head_count_kv)
+
+        # map tensor names
+        if name.endswith(".weight") and name[:-7] in tensor_map:
+            name = tensor_map[name[:-7]] + ".weight"
+        elif name.endswith(".bias") and name[:-5] in tensor_map:
+            name = tensor_map[name[:-5]] + ".bias"
+        else:
+            print("Can not map tensor '" + name + "'")
+            sys.exit()
+
+        n_dims = len(data.shape)
+        data_dtype = data.dtype
+
+        # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
+        if ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
+            data = data.astype(np.float32)
+
+        # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
+        if ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
+            data = data.astype(np.float32)
+
+        # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
+        if ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
+            data = data.astype(np.float16)
+
+        print(name + ", n_dims = " + str(n_dims) + ", " + str(old_dtype) + " --> " + str(data.dtype))
+
+        gguf_writer.add_tensor(name, data)
+
+
+print("gguf: write header")
+gguf_writer.write_header_to_file()
+print("gguf: write metadata")
+gguf_writer.write_kv_data_to_file()
+print("gguf: write tensors")
+gguf_writer.write_tensors_to_file()
+
+gguf_writer.close()
+
+
+print("gguf: model successfully exported to '" + fname_out + "'")
+print("")

convert-pth-to-ggml.py

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# Compatibility stub
-
-import argparse
-
-import convert
-
-parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-    description="""[DEPRECATED - use `convert.py` instead]
-    Convert a LLaMA model checkpoint to a ggml compatible file""")
-parser.add_argument('dir_model',  help='directory containing the model checkpoint')
-parser.add_argument('ftype',      help='file type (0: float32, 1: float16)', type=int, choices=[0, 1], default=1)
-args = parser.parse_args()
-convert.main(['--outtype', 'f16' if args.ftype == 1 else 'f32', '--', args.dir_model])

docs/token_generation_performance_tips.md

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 ## Verifying that the model is running on the GPU with cuBLAS
 Make sure you compiled llama with the correct env variables according to [this guide](../README.md#cublas), so that llama accepts the `-ngl N` (or `--n-gpu-layers N`) flag. When running llama, you may configure `N` to be very large, and llama will offload the maximum possible number of layers to the GPU, even if it's less than the number you configured. For example:
 ```shell
-./main -m "path/to/model.bin" -ngl 200000 -p "Please sir, may I have some "
+./main -m "path/to/model.gguf" -ngl 200000 -p "Please sir, may I have some "
 ```
 
 When running llama, before it starts the inference work, it will output diagnostic information that shows whether cuBLAS is offloading work to the GPU. Look for these lines:
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ GPU: A6000 (48GB VRAM)
 CPU: 7 physical cores
 RAM: 32GB
 
-Model: `TheBloke_Wizard-Vicuna-30B-Uncensored-GGML/Wizard-Vicuna-30B-Uncensored.ggmlv3.q4_0.bin` (30B parameters, 4bit quantization, GGML)
+Model: `TheBloke_Wizard-Vicuna-30B-Uncensored-GGML/Wizard-Vicuna-30B-Uncensored.q4_0.gguf` (30B parameters, 4bit quantization, GGML)
 
-Run command: `./main -m "path/to/model.bin" -p "-p "An extremely detailed description of the 10 best ethnic dishes will follow, with recipes: " -n 1000 [additional benchmark flags]`
+Run command: `./main -m "path/to/model.gguf" -p "An extremely detailed description of the 10 best ethnic dishes will follow, with recipes: " -n 1000 [additional benchmark flags]`
 
 Result:
 

examples/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -6,25 +6,6 @@ find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
 
 # ...
 
-# common
-
-set(TARGET common)
-
-add_library(${TARGET} OBJECT
-    common.h
-    common.cpp
-    grammar-parser.h
-    grammar-parser.cpp
-    )
-
-if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
-    set_target_properties(${TARGET} PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
-endif()
-
-target_include_directories(${TARGET} PUBLIC .)
-target_compile_features(${TARGET} PUBLIC cxx_std_11)
-target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE llama)
-
 # examples
 
 include_directories(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
@@ -40,8 +21,10 @@ else()
     add_subdirectory(benchmark)
     add_subdirectory(baby-llama)
     add_subdirectory(train-text-from-scratch)
+    add_subdirectory(convert-llama2c-to-ggml)
     add_subdirectory(simple)
     add_subdirectory(embd-input)
+    add_subdirectory(llama-bench)
     if (LLAMA_METAL)
         add_subdirectory(metal)
     endif()

examples/convert-llama2c-to-ggml/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(TARGET convert-llama2c-to-ggml)
+add_executable(${TARGET} convert-llama2c-to-ggml.cpp)
+install(TARGETS ${TARGET} RUNTIME)
+target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE common llama ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+target_compile_features(${TARGET} PRIVATE cxx_std_11)

examples/convert-llama2c-to-ggml/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+## Convert llama2.c model to ggml
+
+This example reads weights from project [llama2.c](https://github.com/karpathy/llama2.c) and saves them in ggml compatible format. The vocab that is available in `models/ggml-vocab.bin` is used by default.
+
+To convert the model first download the models from the [llma2.c](https://github.com/karpathy/llama2.c) repository:
+
+`$ make -j`
+
+After successful compilation, following usage options are available:
+```
+usage: ./convert-llama2c-to-ggml [options]
+
+options:
+  -h, --help                       show this help message and exit
+  --copy-vocab-from-model FNAME    model path from which to copy vocab (default 'models/ggml-vocab.bin')
+  --llama2c-model FNAME            [REQUIRED] model path from which to load Karpathy's llama2.c model
+  --llama2c-output-model FNAME     model path to save the converted llama2.c model (default ak_llama_model.bin')
+```
+
+An example command is as follows:
+
+`$ ./convert-llama2c-to-ggml --copy-vocab-from-model <ggml-vocab.bin> --llama2c-model <llama2.c model path> --llama2c-output-model <ggml output model path>`
+
+Now you can use the model with command like:
+
+`$ ./main -m <ggml output model path> -p "One day, Lily met a Shoggoth" -n 500 -c 256 -eps 1e-5`

examples/convert-llama2c-to-ggml/convert-llama2c-to-ggml.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,827 @@
+#include "ggml.h"
+#include "llama.h"
+
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <random>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(disable: 4244 4267) // possible loss of data
+#endif
+
+//////////////////////////////////////// llama2.c model structs and functions to load models, alloc memory etc.
+typedef struct {
+    int dim; // transformer dimension
+    int hidden_dim; // for ffn layers
+    int n_layers; // number of layers
+    int n_heads; // number of query heads
+    int n_kv_heads; // number of key/value heads (can be < query heads because of multiquery)
+    int vocab_size; // vocabulary size, usually 256 (byte-level)
+    int seq_len; // max sequence length
+} Config;
+
+typedef struct {
+    // token embedding table
+    float* token_embedding_table;    // (vocab_size, dim)
+    // weights for rmsnorms
+    float* rms_att_weight; // (layer, dim) rmsnorm weights
+    float* rms_ffn_weight; // (layer, dim)
+    // weights for matmuls
+    float* wq; // (layer, dim, dim)
+    float* wk; // (layer, dim, dim)
+    float* wv; // (layer, dim, dim)
+    float* wo; // (layer, dim, dim)
+    // weights for ffn
+    float* w1; // (layer, hidden_dim, dim)
+    float* w2; // (layer, dim, hidden_dim)
+    float* w3; // (layer, hidden_dim, dim)
+    // final rmsnorm
+    float* rms_final_weight; // (dim,)
+    // freq_cis for RoPE relatively positional embeddings
+    // float* freq_cis_real; // (seq_len, dim/2)
+    // float* freq_cis_imag; // (seq_len, dim/2)
+    // (optional) classifier weights for the logits, on the last layer
+    //float* wcls;
+} TransformerWeights;
+
+void malloc_weights(TransformerWeights* w, Config* p) {
+    // we calloc instead of malloc to keep valgrind happy
+    w->token_embedding_table = new float[p->vocab_size * p->dim]();
+    printf("[%s:AK] Allocating [%d] x [%d] = [%d] float space for w->token_embedding_table\n",__func__,p->vocab_size , p->dim, p->vocab_size * p->dim);
+
+    w->rms_att_weight = new float[p->n_layers * p->dim]();
+    printf("[%s:AK] Allocating [%d] x [%d] = [%d] float space for w->rms_att_weight\n",__func__,p->n_layers, p->dim, p->n_layers * p->dim);
+
+    w->rms_ffn_weight = new float[p->n_layers * p->dim]();
+    printf("[%s:AK] Allocating [%d] x [%d] = [%d] float space for w->rms_ffn_weight\n",__func__,p->n_layers , p->dim, p->n_layers * p->dim);
+
+    w->wq = new float[p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim]();
+    printf("[%s:AK] Allocating [%d] x [%d] x [%d] = [%d] float space for w->wq\n",__func__,p->n_layers, p->dim, p->dim, p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim);
+
+    w->wk = new float[p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim]();
+    printf("[%s:AK] Allocating [%d] x [%d] x [%d] = [%d] float space for w->wk\n",__func__,p->n_layers, p->dim, p->dim, p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim);
+
+    w->wv = new float[p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim]();
+    printf("[%s:AK] Allocating [%d] x [%d] x [%d] = [%d] float space for w->wv\n",__func__, p->n_layers, p->dim, p->dim, p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim);
+
+    w->wo = new float[p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim]();
+    printf("[%s:AK] Allocating [%d] x [%d] x [%d] = [%d] float space for w->wo\n",__func__,p->n_layers, p->dim, p->dim, p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim);
+
+    w->w1 = new float[p->n_layers * p->hidden_dim * p->dim]();
+    printf("[%s:AK] Allocating [%d] x [%d] x [%d] = [%d] float space for w->w1\n",__func__,p->n_layers, p->hidden_dim, p->dim, p->n_layers * p->hidden_dim * p->dim);
+
+    w->w2 = new float[p->n_layers * p->hidden_dim * p->dim]();
+    printf("[%s:AK] Allocating [%d] x [%d] x [%d] = [%d] float space for w->w2\n",__func__,p->n_layers, p->dim, p->hidden_dim, p->n_layers * p->hidden_dim * p->dim);
+
+    w->w3 = new float[p->n_layers * p->hidden_dim * p->dim]();
+    printf("[%s:AK] Allocating [%d] x [%d] x [%d] = [%d] float space for w->w3\n",__func__,p->n_layers, p->hidden_dim, p->dim, p->n_layers * p->hidden_dim * p->dim);
+
+    w->rms_final_weight = new float[p->dim]();
+    printf("[%s:AK] Allocating [%d] float space for w->rms_final_weight\n",__func__,p->dim);
+}
+
+int checkpoint_init_weights(TransformerWeights *w, Config* p, FILE* f) {
+    if (fread(w->token_embedding_table, sizeof(float), p->vocab_size * p->dim, f) != static_cast<size_t>(p->vocab_size * p->dim)) return 1;
+    if (fread(w->rms_att_weight, sizeof(float), p->n_layers * p->dim, f) != static_cast<size_t>(p->n_layers * p->dim)) return 1;
+    if (fread(w->wq, sizeof(float), p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim, f) != static_cast<size_t>(p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim)) return 1;
+    if (fread(w->wk, sizeof(float), p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim, f) != static_cast<size_t>(p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim)) return 1;
+    if (fread(w->wv, sizeof(float), p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim, f) != static_cast<size_t>(p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim)) return 1;
+    if (fread(w->wo, sizeof(float), p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim, f) != static_cast<size_t>(p->n_layers * p->dim * p->dim)) return 1;
+    if (fread(w->rms_ffn_weight, sizeof(float), p->n_layers * p->dim, f) != static_cast<size_t>(p->n_layers * p->dim)) return 1;
+    if (fread(w->w1, sizeof(float), p->n_layers * p->dim * p->hidden_dim, f) != static_cast<size_t>(p->n_layers * p->dim * p->hidden_dim)) return 1;
+    if (fread(w->w2, sizeof(float), p->n_layers * p->hidden_dim * p->dim, f) != static_cast<size_t>(p->n_layers * p->hidden_dim * p->dim)) return 1;
+    if (fread(w->w3, sizeof(float), p->n_layers * p->dim * p->hidden_dim, f) != static_cast<size_t>(p->n_layers * p->dim * p->hidden_dim)) return 1;
+    if (fread(w->rms_final_weight, sizeof(float), p->dim, f) != static_cast<size_t>(p->dim)) return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void free_weights(TransformerWeights* w) {
+    delete w->token_embedding_table;
+    delete w->rms_att_weight;
+    delete w->rms_ffn_weight;
+    delete w->wq;
+    delete w->wk;
+    delete w->wv;
+    delete w->wo;
+    delete w->w1;
+    delete w->w2;
+    delete w->w3;
+    delete w->rms_final_weight;
+}
+
+void print_sample_weights(TransformerWeights *w){
+    printf("----- Quick print of first of the weight vales of all the variables\n");
+    printf("%f\n", w->token_embedding_table[0]);
+    printf("%f\n", w->rms_att_weight[0]);
+    printf("%f\n", w->rms_ffn_weight[0]);
+
+    printf("%f\n", w->wq[0]);
+    printf("%f\n", w->wk[0]);
+    printf("%f\n", w->wv[0]);
+    printf("%f\n", w->wo[0]);
+    printf("%f\n", w->w1[0]);
+    printf("%f\n", w->w2[0]);
+    printf("%f\n", w->w3[0]);
+    printf("%f\n", w->rms_att_weight[0]);
+}
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+//////////////////////////////////////// ggml structs and functions required to load models, configs and save the model.
+
+struct llama_vocab {
+    using id    = int32_t;
+    using token = std::string;
+    using ttype = llama_token_type;
+
+    struct token_data {
+        token text;
+        float score;
+        ttype type;
+    };
+
+    std::unordered_map<token, id> token_to_id;
+    std::vector<token_data> id_to_token;
+};
+
+struct my_llama_hparams {
+    uint32_t n_vocab = 32000;
+    uint32_t n_ctx   = 512;   // this is provided as user input?
+    uint32_t n_embd  = 4096;
+    uint32_t n_mult  = 4;
+    uint32_t n_head  = 32;
+    uint32_t n_layer = 32;
+    uint32_t n_rot   = 64;
+    bool operator!=(const my_llama_hparams& other) const {
+        return memcmp(this, &other, sizeof(my_llama_hparams));
+    }
+};
+
+struct my_llama_layer {
+    // normalization
+    struct ggml_tensor * attention_norm;
+
+    // attention
+    struct ggml_tensor * wq;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wk;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wv;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wo;
+
+    // normalization
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_norm;
+
+    // ff
+    struct ggml_tensor * w1;
+    struct ggml_tensor * w2;
+    struct ggml_tensor * w3;
+};
+
+struct my_llama_model {
+    struct ggml_context * ctx = NULL;
+
+    my_llama_hparams hparams;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * tok_embeddings;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * norm;
+    struct ggml_tensor * output;
+
+    std::vector<my_llama_layer> layers;
+
+    uint32_t train_its = 0;
+    uint32_t train_samples = 0;
+    uint32_t train_tokens = 0;
+};
+
+struct train_params {
+    const char * fn_vocab_model;
+    const char * fn_llama2c_model;
+    const char * fn_llama2c_output_model;
+    const char * fn_train_data;
+    const char * fn_checkpoint_in;
+    const char * fn_checkpoint_out;
+    const char * fn_model_out;
+
+    uint32_t seed;
+
+    int n_ctx;
+    int n_embd;
+    int n_mult;
+    int n_head;
+    int n_layer;
+    int n_rotmax;
+
+    int n_threads;
+    int n_batch;
+    int n_examples;
+    int n_predict;
+
+    int print_info_interval;
+    int print_details_interval;
+
+    bool samples_start_after_nl;
+    bool use_adam;
+    bool use_flash;
+    bool use_scratch;
+
+    // only adam
+    int   warmup;
+    int   cos_decay_steps;
+    float cos_decay_restart;
+    float cos_decay_alpha;
+
+    int   lbfgs_n_iter;
+    int   adam_n_iter;
+    float adam_alpha;
+    float adam_decay;
+
+    int mem_model_gb;
+    int mem_compute_gb;
+    int mem_compute0_gb;
+    int mem_compute1_gb;
+};
+
+uint32_t get_n_ff(const struct my_llama_hparams* hparams) {
+    const uint32_t n_ff = ((2*(4*hparams->n_embd)/3 + hparams->n_mult - 1)/hparams->n_mult)*hparams->n_mult;
+    return n_ff;
+}
+
+void print_params(struct my_llama_hparams * params) {
+    printf("%s: n_vocab: %d\n", __func__, params->n_vocab);
+    printf("%s: n_ctx:   %d\n", __func__, params->n_ctx);
+    printf("%s: n_embd:  %d\n", __func__, params->n_embd);
+    printf("%s: n_mult:  %d\n", __func__, params->n_mult);
+    printf("%s: n_head:  %d\n", __func__, params->n_head);
+    printf("%s: n_ff:    %d\n", __func__, get_n_ff(params));
+    printf("%s: n_layer: %d\n", __func__, params->n_layer);
+    printf("%s: n_rot:   %d\n", __func__, params->n_rot);
+}
+
+void init_model(struct my_llama_model * model) {
+    const auto & hparams = model->hparams;
+
+    const uint32_t n_embd  = hparams.n_embd;
+    const uint32_t n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+    const uint32_t n_vocab = hparams.n_vocab;
+
+    const uint32_t n_ff = get_n_ff(&hparams);
+    struct ggml_context * ctx = model->ctx;
+
+    model->train_its = 0;
+    model->train_samples = 0;
+    model->train_tokens = 0;
+
+    model->tok_embeddings = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, n_vocab);
+    printf("[%s:GG] Allocating [%d] x [%d] = [%d] float space for model->tok_embeddings\n",__func__,n_embd , n_vocab, n_embd * n_vocab);
+
+    model->norm           = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd);
+    printf("[%s:GG] Allocating [%d] float space for model->norm\n",__func__,n_embd);
+
+    model->output         = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, n_vocab);
+    printf("[%s:GG] Allocating [%d] x[%d] = [%d] float space for model->output\n",__func__,n_embd, n_vocab, n_embd * n_vocab);
+
+    // printing the per-layer allocations here so we dont print in the for loop.
+    printf("[%s:GG] Allocating [%d] x[%d] = [%d] float space for layer.wq for [%d] layers\n",__func__, n_embd, n_embd, n_embd * n_embd, n_layer);
+    printf("[%s:GG] Allocating [%d] x[%d] = [%d] float space for layer.wk for [%d] layers\n",__func__, n_embd, n_embd, n_embd * n_embd, n_layer);
+    printf("[%s:GG] Allocating [%d] x[%d] = [%d] float space for layer.wv for [%d] layers\n",__func__, n_embd, n_embd, n_embd * n_embd, n_layer);
+    printf("[%s:GG] Allocating [%d] x[%d] = [%d] float space for layer.wo for [%d] layers\n",__func__, n_embd, n_embd, n_embd * n_embd, n_layer);
+
+    printf("[%s:GG] Allocating [%d] float space for layer.ffn_norm for [%d] layers\n",__func__,n_embd, n_layer);
+
+    printf("[%s:GG] Allocating [%d] x[%d] = [%d] float space for layer.w1 for [%d] layers\n",__func__, n_ff, n_embd, n_embd * n_ff, n_layer);
+    printf("[%s:GG] Allocating [%d] x[%d] = [%d] float space for layer.w2 for [%d] layers\n",__func__, n_embd, n_ff, n_ff * n_embd, n_layer);
+    printf("[%s:GG] Allocating [%d] x[%d] = [%d] float space for layer.w3 for [%d] layers\n",__func__, n_ff, n_embd, n_embd * n_ff, n_layer);
+
+    ggml_set_name(model->tok_embeddings, "tok_embeddings.weight");
+    ggml_set_name(model->norm,           "norm.weight");
+    ggml_set_name(model->output,         "output.weight");
+
+    model->layers.resize(n_layer);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_layer; ++i) {
+        auto & layer = model->layers[i];
+
+        std::string layers_i = "layers." + std::to_string(i);
+
+        layer.attention_norm = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd);
+
+        layer.wq = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, n_embd);
+        layer.wk = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, n_embd);
+        layer.wv = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, n_embd);
+        layer.wo = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, n_embd);
+
+        layer.ffn_norm = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd);
+
+        layer.w1 = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, n_ff);
+        layer.w2 = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_ff, n_embd);
+        layer.w3 = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, n_ff);
+
+        ggml_set_name(layer.attention_norm, (layers_i + ".attention_norm.weight").c_str());
+
+        ggml_set_name(layer.wq, (layers_i + ".attention.wq.weight").c_str());
+        ggml_set_name(layer.wk, (layers_i + ".attention.wk.weight").c_str());
+        ggml_set_name(layer.wv, (layers_i + ".attention.wv.weight").c_str());
+        ggml_set_name(layer.wo, (layers_i + ".attention.wo.weight").c_str());
+
+        ggml_set_name(layer.ffn_norm, (layers_i + ".ffn_norm.weight").c_str());
+
+        ggml_format_name(layer.w1, "%s.feed_forward.w1.weight", layers_i.c_str());
+        ggml_format_name(layer.w2, "%s.feed_forward.w2.weight", layers_i.c_str());
+        ggml_format_name(layer.w3, "%s.feed_forward.w3.weight", layers_i.c_str());
+    }
+}
+
+float get_f32_2d(struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int64_t i0, int64_t i1) {
+    float * ptr = (float *) ((char *) tensor->data + i0*tensor->nb[0] + i1*tensor->nb[1]);
+    return *ptr;
+}
+
+int32_t get_i32_2d(struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int64_t i0, int64_t i1) {
+    int32_t * ptr = (int32_t *) ((char *) tensor->data + i0*tensor->nb[0] + i1*tensor->nb[1]);
+    return *ptr;
+}
+
+void print_row(struct ggml_tensor * probs, int i) {
+    for (int k = 0; k < probs->ne[0]; ++k) {
+        float p = get_f32_2d(probs, k, i);
+        printf(" %f", p);
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+}
+
+void print_matrix(struct ggml_tensor * probs) {
+    assert(probs->n_dims == 2);
+    for (int i = 0; i < probs->ne[1]; ++i) {
+        for (int k = 0; k < probs->ne[0]; ++k) {
+            float p = get_f32_2d(probs, k, i);
+            printf(" %.2f", p);
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#ifdef __MINGW32__
+__attribute__((format(gnu_printf, 1, 2)))
+#else
+__attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)))
+#endif
+#endif
+static std::string format(const char * fmt, ...) {
+    va_list ap, ap2;
+    va_start(ap, fmt);
+    va_copy(ap2, ap);
+    int size = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, ap);
+    GGML_ASSERT(size >= 0 && size < INT_MAX);
+    std::vector<char> buf(size + 1);
+    int size2 = vsnprintf(buf.data(), size + 1, fmt, ap2);
+    GGML_ASSERT(size2 == size);
+    va_end(ap2);
+    va_end(ap);
+    return std::string(buf.data(), size);
+}
+
+struct llama_file {
+    // use FILE * so we don't have to re-open the file to mmap
+    FILE * fp;
+    size_t size;
+
+    llama_file(const char * fname, const char * mode) {
+        fp = std::fopen(fname, mode);
+        if (fp == NULL) {
+            size = 0;
+        } else {
+            seek(0, SEEK_END);
+            size = tell();
+            seek(0, SEEK_SET);
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t tell() const {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        __int64 ret = _ftelli64(fp);
+#else
+        long ret = std::ftell(fp);
+#endif
+        GGML_ASSERT(ret != -1); // this really shouldn't fail
+        return (size_t) ret;
+    }
+
+    void seek(size_t offset, int whence) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        int ret = _fseeki64(fp, (__int64) offset, whence);
+#else
+        int ret = std::fseek(fp, (long) offset, whence);
+#endif
+        GGML_ASSERT(ret == 0); // same
+    }
+
+    void read_raw(void * ptr, size_t size) {
+        if (size == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        errno = 0;
+        std::size_t ret = std::fread(ptr, size, 1, fp);
+        if (ferror(fp)) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(format("read error: %s", strerror(errno)));
+        }
+        if (ret != 1) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("unexpectedly reached end of file"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::uint32_t read_u32() {
+        std::uint32_t ret;
+        read_raw(&ret, sizeof(ret));
+        return ret;
+    }
+    std::float_t read_f32() {
+        std::float_t ret;
+        read_raw(&ret, sizeof(ret));
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    std::string read_string(std::uint32_t len) {
+        std::vector<char> chars(len);
+        read_raw(chars.data(), len);
+        return std::string(chars.data(), len);
+    }
+
+    void write_raw(const void * ptr, size_t size) {
+        if (size == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        errno = 0;
+        size_t ret = std::fwrite(ptr, size, 1, fp);
+        if (ret != 1) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(format("write error: %s", strerror(errno)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void write_u32(std::uint32_t val) {
+        write_raw(&val, sizeof(val));
+    }
+
+    ~llama_file() {
+        if (fp) {
+            std::fclose(fp);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+void write_tensor(struct llama_file * file, struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+    if (tensor == NULL) {
+        file->write_u32(0);
+        file->write_u32(0);
+        file->write_u32(GGML_TYPE_F32);
+        file->seek((0-file->tell()) & 31, SEEK_CUR);
+        return;
+    }
+    const char * name = ggml_get_name(tensor);
+    uint32_t name_len = strlen(name);
+    uint32_t nd = tensor->n_dims;
+    uint32_t ne[4] = { (uint32_t)tensor->ne[0],
+                       (uint32_t)tensor->ne[1],
+                       (uint32_t)tensor->ne[2],
+                       (uint32_t)tensor->ne[3] };
+    file->write_u32(nd);
+    file->write_u32(name_len);
+    file->write_u32(tensor->type);
+    file->write_raw(ne, sizeof(ne[0]) * nd);
+    file->write_raw(name, name_len);
+    file->seek((0-file->tell()) & 31, SEEK_CUR);
+    file->write_raw(tensor->data, ggml_nbytes(tensor));
+}
+
+bool is_ggml_file(const char *filename) {
+    llama_file file(filename, "rb");
+    if (file.size < 4) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    uint32_t magic = file.read_u32();
+    return magic == GGUF_MAGIC;
+}
+
+void load_vocab(const char *filename, Config *config, struct llama_vocab *vocab) {
+    // heuristic to infer whether vocab is from ggml or from llama2.c vocabulary
+    if (is_ggml_file(filename)) {
+
+        struct llama_context_params llama_params = llama_context_default_params();
+        llama_params.vocab_only = true;
+
+        struct llama_model * lmodel = llama_load_model_from_file(filename, llama_params);
+        struct llama_context * lctx = llama_new_context_with_model(lmodel, llama_params);
+
+        const int n_vocab = llama_n_vocab(lctx);
+        vocab->id_to_token.resize(n_vocab);
+        for (int i=0; i<n_vocab; ++i) {
+            vocab->id_to_token[i].text  = llama_token_get_text(lctx, i);
+            vocab->id_to_token[i].score = llama_token_get_score(lctx, i);
+            vocab->id_to_token[i].type  = llama_token_get_type(lctx, i);
+            vocab->token_to_id.emplace(vocab->id_to_token[i].text, i);
+        }
+        llama_free(lctx);
+        llama_free_model(lmodel);
+    } else { // assume llama2.c vocabulary
+        printf("Assuming llama2.c vocabulary since %s is not a ggml file\n", filename);
+        llama_file file(filename, "rb");
+        const int  n_vocab = config->vocab_size;
+        /* uint32_t max_token_length =  */ file.read_u32(); // unused
+        vocab->id_to_token.resize(n_vocab);
+        for (int i=0; i<n_vocab; ++i) {
+            float_t score = file.read_f32();
+            uint32_t len = file.read_u32();
+            std::string text = file.read_string(len);
+            vocab->id_to_token[i].text = text;
+            vocab->id_to_token[i].score = score;
+            vocab->id_to_token[i].type = LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_UNDEFINED;
+            vocab->token_to_id.emplace(text, i);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(struct ggml_tensor * gg_weights, float * karpathy_weights){
+    int ct;
+    switch (gg_weights->n_dims){
+        case 1:
+            ct = 0;
+            for (int i0 = 0; i0 < gg_weights->ne[0]; i0++){
+                float * ptr = (float *) ((char *) gg_weights->data + i0*gg_weights->nb[0]);
+                *ptr = karpathy_weights[ct];
+                ct++;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            ct = 0;
+            for (int i1 = 0; i1 < gg_weights->ne[1]; i1++) {
+                for (int i0 = 0; i0 < gg_weights->ne[0]; i0++) {
+                    float * ptr = (float *) ((char *) gg_weights->data + i0*gg_weights->nb[0] + i1*gg_weights->nb[1]);
+                    *ptr = karpathy_weights[ct];
+                    ct++;
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        case 3:
+            ct = 0;
+            for (int i2 = 0; i2 < gg_weights->ne[2]; i2++) {
+                for (int i1 = 0; i1 < gg_weights->ne[1]; i1++) {
+                    for (int i0 = 0; i0 < gg_weights->ne[0]; i0++) {
+                        float * ptr = (float *) ((char *) gg_weights->data + i0*gg_weights->nb[0] + i1*gg_weights->nb[1] + i2*gg_weights->nb[2]);
+                        *ptr = karpathy_weights[ct];
+                        ct++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void save_as_llama_model(struct llama_vocab * vocab, struct my_llama_model * model, TransformerWeights* w, const char * filename) {
+    struct llama_file file(filename, "wb");
+    if (file.fp == NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+#pragma message("TODO: implement file saving using gguf")
+    (void) vocab;
+    (void) model;
+    (void) w;
+//    // write_magic
+//    file.write_u32(LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC);   // magic
+//    file.write_u32(LLAMA_FILE_VERSION); // version
+//    // write_hparams
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_vocab);
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_embd);
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_mult);
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_head);
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_layer);
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_rot);
+//    file.write_u32(LLAMA_FTYPE_ALL_F32);
+//
+//    // write_vocab - for now we are just writing the existing BPE voc. assuming karpathy's vocabulary is the same. idk.
+//    uint32_t n_vocab = model->hparams.n_vocab;
+//    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_vocab; i++) {
+//        const auto & token_data = vocab->id_to_token.at(i);
+//        file.write_u32((uint32_t) token_data.tok.size());
+//        file.write_raw(token_data.tok.data(), token_data.tok.size());
+//        file.write_raw(&token_data.score, sizeof(token_data.score));
+//    }
+//
+//    // stuff AK weights into GG weights one by one.
+//    // w->token_embedding_table -> model->tok_embeddings
+//    // float*                   -> struct ggml_tensor
+//    stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(model->tok_embeddings, w->token_embedding_table);
+//    stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(model->output, w->token_embedding_table);
+//
+//    stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(model->norm, w->rms_final_weight);
+//    //print_row(model->norm, 0);
+//
+//    // for rms-att-weight
+//    int row_length = model->hparams.n_embd;
+//    const auto & hparams = model->hparams;
+//    //int n_ff = model->hparams.n_embd;
+//    int n_ff = get_n_ff(&hparams);
+//
+//    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < model->hparams.n_layer; ++i){
+//        auto & layer = model->layers[i];
+//        // 1d
+//        stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(layer.attention_norm, &w->rms_att_weight[i*row_length]);
+//        stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(layer.ffn_norm      , &w->rms_ffn_weight[i*row_length]);
+//
+//        // from 3d matrix layer x dim x dim to 2d matrix dim x dim
+//        stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(layer.wq            , &w->wq[i*row_length*row_length]);
+//        stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(layer.wk            , &w->wk[i*row_length*row_length]);
+//        stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(layer.wv            , &w->wv[i*row_length*row_length]);
+//        stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(layer.wo            , &w->wo[i*row_length*row_length]);
+//
+//        stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(layer.w1            , &w->w1[i*row_length*n_ff]);
+//        stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(layer.w2            , &w->w2[i*n_ff*row_length]);
+//        stuff_karpathy_weights_into_gg(layer.w3            , &w->w3[i*row_length*n_ff]);
+//    }
+//    // write tensors
+//    write_tensor(&file, model->tok_embeddings);
+//    write_tensor(&file, model->norm);
+//    write_tensor(&file, model->output); // ?
+//    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < model->hparams.n_layer; ++i) {
+//        auto & layer = model->layers[i];
+//
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.attention_norm);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.wq);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.wk);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.wv);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.wo);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.ffn_norm);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.w1);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.w2);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.w3);
+//    }
+}
+
+struct train_params get_default_train_params() {
+    struct train_params params;
+    params.fn_vocab_model    = "models/ggml-vocab.bin";
+    params.fn_llama2c_output_model = "ak_llama_model.bin";
+    params.fn_train_data     = "shakespeare.txt";
+    params.fn_checkpoint_in  = "checkpoint.bin";
+    params.fn_checkpoint_out = "checkpoint.bin";
+    params.fn_model_out      = "ggml-checkpoint-f32.bin";
+
+    params.seed       =   -1;
+
+    params.n_ctx      =  128;
+    params.n_embd     =  256;
+    params.n_mult     =  256;
+    params.n_head     =    8;
+    params.n_layer    =   16;
+    params.n_rotmax   =   64;
+
+    params.n_threads  =    6;
+    params.n_batch    =    8;
+    params.n_examples =    8;
+    params.n_predict  = 1024;
+
+    params.print_info_interval    = 1;
+    params.print_details_interval = 2;
+
+    params.samples_start_after_nl = false;
+    params.use_adam               = true;
+    params.use_flash              = true;
+    params.use_scratch            = true;
+
+    // only adam
+    params.warmup            =  100;
+    params.cos_decay_steps   = 1000;
+    params.cos_decay_restart = 1.1f;
+    params.cos_decay_alpha   = 0.0f;
+
+    params.lbfgs_n_iter      = 16;
+    params.adam_n_iter       = 16;
+    params.adam_alpha        = 1e-3f;
+    params.adam_decay        = 1e-3f;
+
+    params.mem_model_gb   = 2;
+    params.mem_compute_gb = 24;
+    params.mem_compute0_gb = 8;
+    params.mem_compute1_gb = 2;
+
+    return params;
+}
+
+void print_usage(int /*argc*/, char ** argv, const struct train_params * params) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s [options]\n", argv[0]);
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "options:\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  -h, --help                       show this help message and exit\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  --copy-vocab-from-model FNAME    llama2.c vocabulary or ggml model path from which to copy vocab (default '%s')\n", params->fn_vocab_model);
+    fprintf(stderr, "  --llama2c-model FNAME            [REQUIRED] model path from which to load Karpathy's llama2.c model\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  --llama2c-output-model FNAME     model path to save the converted llama2.c model (default %s')\n", params->fn_llama2c_output_model);
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+}
+
+bool params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, struct train_params * params) {
+    bool invalid_param = false;
+    bool reqd_param_found = false;
+    std::string arg;
+    struct train_params default_params = get_default_train_params();
+    const std::string arg_prefix = "--";
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+        arg = argv[i];
+        if (arg.compare(0, arg_prefix.size(), arg_prefix) == 0) {
+            std::replace(arg.begin(), arg.end(), '_', '-');
+        }
+
+        if (arg == "--copy-vocab-from-model") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params->fn_vocab_model = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "--llama2c-model") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            reqd_param_found = true;
+            params->fn_llama2c_model = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "--llama2c-output-model") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params->fn_llama2c_output_model = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "-h" || arg == "--help") {
+            print_usage(argc, argv, &default_params);
+            exit(0);
+        } else {
+            fprintf(stderr, "error: unknown argument: %s\n", arg.c_str());
+            print_usage(argc, argv, &default_params);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+    }
+    if (invalid_param) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: invalid parameter for argument: %s\n", arg.c_str());
+        print_usage(argc, argv, &default_params);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    if (!reqd_param_found){
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: please specify a llama2.c .bin file to be converted with argument --llama2c-model\n");
+        print_usage(argc, argv, &default_params);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
+    struct train_params params = get_default_train_params();
+    if (!params_parse(argc, argv, &params)) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    Config config;
+    TransformerWeights weights;
+    {
+        FILE *file = fopen(params.fn_llama2c_model, "rb");
+        if (!file) { printf("Unable to open the checkpoint file %s!\n", params.fn_llama2c_model); return 1; }
+        // read in the config header
+        if(fread(&config, sizeof(Config), 1, file) != 1) { return 1; }
+        // read in the Transformer weights
+        malloc_weights(&weights, &config);
+        if(checkpoint_init_weights(&weights, &config, file)) { return 1; }
+        fclose(file);
+    }
+
+    struct llama_vocab vocab;
+    load_vocab(params.fn_vocab_model, &config, &vocab);
+
+    struct my_llama_model model;
+    model.hparams.n_vocab = config.vocab_size; //llama_n_vocab(lctx);
+    model.hparams.n_ctx   = params.n_ctx;
+    model.hparams.n_embd  = config.dim; //params.n_embd;
+    model.hparams.n_mult  = 32;//params.n_mult;
+    model.hparams.n_head  = config.n_heads; //params.n_head;
+    model.hparams.n_layer = config.n_layers; //params.n_layer;
+    model.hparams.n_rot   = std::min((uint32_t)params.n_rotmax, model.hparams.n_embd / model.hparams.n_head);
+    print_params(&model.hparams);
+    struct ggml_init_params lcparams;
+    lcparams.mem_size   = 1024ll*1024ll*1024ll*((size_t) params.mem_model_gb);
+    lcparams.mem_buffer = NULL;
+    lcparams.no_alloc   = false;
+
+    model.ctx = ggml_init(lcparams);
+
+    init_model(&model);
+    save_as_llama_model(&vocab, &model, &weights, params.fn_llama2c_output_model);
+
+    printf("Saving llama.c model file %s in ggml format at %s\n", params.fn_llama2c_model, params.fn_llama2c_output_model);
+
+    ggml_free(model.ctx);
+    free_weights(&weights);
+    return 0;
+}

examples/embd-input/embd-input-lib.cpp

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ struct MyModel* create_mymodel(int argc, char ** argv) {
     fprintf(stderr, "%s: build = %d (%s)\n", __func__, BUILD_NUMBER, BUILD_COMMIT);
 
     if (params.seed == LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED) {
-        params.seed = time(NULL);
+        params.seed = uint32_t(time(NULL));
     }
     fprintf(stderr, "%s: seed  = %d\n", __func__, params.seed);
 
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ llama_token sampling_id(struct MyModel* mymodel) {
         llama_token_data_array candidates_p = { candidates.data(), candidates.size(), false };
 
         // TODO: Apply penalties
-        // float nl_logit = logits[llama_token_nl()];
+        // float nl_logit = logits[llama_token_nl(ctx)];
         // auto last_n_repeat = std::min(std::min((int)last_n_tokens.size(), repeat_last_n), n_ctx);
         // llama_sample_repetition_penalty(ctx, &candidates_p,
         //      last_n_tokens.data() + last_n_tokens.size() - last_n_repeat,
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ llama_token sampling_id(struct MyModel* mymodel) {
         // last_n_tokens.data() + last_n_tokens.size() - last_n_repeat,
         // last_n_repeat, alpha_frequency, alpha_presence);
         // if (!penalize_nl) {
-        //     logits[llama_token_nl()] = nl_logit;
+        //     logits[llama_token_nl(ctx)] = nl_logit;
         // }
 
         if (temp <= 0) {
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ const char * sampling(struct MyModel * mymodel) {
     llama_context * ctx = mymodel->ctx;
     int id = sampling_id(mymodel);
     static std::string ret;
-    if (id == llama_token_eos()) {
+    if (id == llama_token_eos(ctx)) {
         ret = "</s>";
     } else {
         ret = llama_token_to_str(ctx, id);

examples/embedding/embedding.cpp

@@ -67,28 +67,35 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: prompt: '%s'\n", __func__, params.prompt.c_str());
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: number of tokens in prompt = %zu\n", __func__, embd_inp.size());
         for (int i = 0; i < (int) embd_inp.size(); i++) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "%6d -> '%s'\n", embd_inp[i], llama_token_to_str(ctx, embd_inp[i]));
+            fprintf(stderr, "%6d -> '%s'\n", embd_inp[i], llama_token_to_str(ctx, embd_inp[i]).c_str());
         }
         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
     }
 
-    if (params.embedding){
-        if (embd_inp.size() > 0) {
-            if (llama_eval(ctx, embd_inp.data(), embd_inp.size(), n_past, params.n_threads)) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "%s : failed to eval\n", __func__);
-                return 1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        const int n_embd = llama_n_embd(ctx);
-        const auto embeddings = llama_get_embeddings(ctx);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < n_embd; i++) {
-            printf("%f ", embeddings[i]);
-        }
-        printf("\n");
+    if (embd_inp.size() > (size_t)params.n_ctx) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: prompt is longer than the context window (%zu tokens, n_ctx = %d)\n",
+                __func__, embd_inp.size(), params.n_ctx);
+        return 1;
     }
 
+    while (!embd_inp.empty()) {
+        int n_tokens = std::min(params.n_batch, (int) embd_inp.size());
+        if (llama_eval(ctx, embd_inp.data(), n_tokens, n_past, params.n_threads)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s : failed to eval\n", __func__);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        n_past += n_tokens;
+        embd_inp.erase(embd_inp.begin(), embd_inp.begin() + n_tokens);
+    }
+
+    const int n_embd = llama_n_embd(ctx);
+    const auto embeddings = llama_get_embeddings(ctx);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_embd; i++) {
+        printf("%f ", embeddings[i]);
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+
     llama_print_timings(ctx);
     llama_free(ctx);
     llama_free_model(model);

examples/gguf/gguf.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+#include "ggml.h"
+#include "llama.h"
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <string>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#undef MIN
+#undef MAX
+#define MIN(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
+
+template<typename T>
+static std::string to_string(const T & val) {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    ss << val;
+    return ss.str();
+}
+
+bool gguf_ex_write(const std::string & fname) {
+    struct gguf_context * ctx = gguf_init_empty();
+
+    gguf_set_val_u8  (ctx, "some.parameter.uint8",    0x12);
+    gguf_set_val_i8  (ctx, "some.parameter.int8",    -0x13);
+    gguf_set_val_u16 (ctx, "some.parameter.uint16",   0x1234);
+    gguf_set_val_i16 (ctx, "some.parameter.int16",   -0x1235);
+    gguf_set_val_u32 (ctx, "some.parameter.uint32",   0x12345678);
+    gguf_set_val_i32 (ctx, "some.parameter.int32",   -0x12345679);
+    gguf_set_val_f32 (ctx, "some.parameter.float32",  0.123456789f);
+    gguf_set_val_bool(ctx, "some.parameter.bool",     true);
+    gguf_set_val_str (ctx, "some.parameter.string",   "hello world");
+
+    gguf_set_arr_data(ctx, "some.parameter.arr.i16", GGUF_TYPE_INT16,   std::vector<int16_t>{ 1, 2, 3, 4, }.data(), 4);
+    gguf_set_arr_data(ctx, "some.parameter.arr.f32", GGUF_TYPE_FLOAT32, std::vector<float>{ 3.145f, 2.718f, 1.414f, }.data(), 3);
+    gguf_set_arr_str (ctx, "some.parameter.arr.str",                    std::vector<const char *>{ "hello", "world", "!" }.data(), 3);
+
+    struct ggml_init_params params = {
+        /*.mem_size   =*/ 128ull*1024ull*1024ull,
+        /*.mem_buffer =*/ NULL,
+        /*.no_alloc   =*/ false,
+    };
+
+    struct ggml_context * ctx_data = ggml_init(params);
+
+    const int n_tensors = 10;
+
+    // tensor infos
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_tensors; ++i) {
+        const std::string name = "tensor_" + to_string(i);
+
+        int64_t ne[GGML_MAX_DIMS] = { 1 };
+        int32_t n_dims = rand() % GGML_MAX_DIMS + 1;
+
+        for (int j = 0; j < n_dims; ++j) {
+            ne[j] = rand() % 10 + 1;
+        }
+
+        struct ggml_tensor * cur = ggml_new_tensor(ctx_data, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_dims, ne);
+        ggml_set_name(cur, name.c_str());
+
+        {
+            float * data = (float *) cur->data;
+            for (int j = 0; j < ggml_nelements(cur); ++j) {
+                data[j] = 100 + i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        gguf_add_tensor(ctx, cur);
+    }
+
+    gguf_write_to_file(ctx, fname.c_str(), false);
+
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s: wrote file '%s;\n", __func__, fname.c_str());
+
+    ggml_free(ctx_data);
+    gguf_free(ctx);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+// just read tensor info
+bool gguf_ex_read_0(const std::string & fname) {
+    struct gguf_init_params params = {
+        /*.no_alloc = */ false,
+        /*.ctx      = */ NULL,
+    };
+
+    struct gguf_context * ctx = gguf_init_from_file(fname.c_str(), params);
+
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s: version:      %d\n", __func__, gguf_get_version(ctx));
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s: alignment:   %zu\n", __func__, gguf_get_alignment(ctx));
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s: data offset: %zu\n", __func__, gguf_get_data_offset(ctx));
+
+    // kv
+    {
+        const int n_kv = gguf_get_n_kv(ctx);
+
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s: n_kv: %d\n", __func__, n_kv);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_kv; ++i) {
+            const char * key = gguf_get_key(ctx, i);
+
+            fprintf(stdout, "%s: kv[%d]: key = %s\n", __func__, i, key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // find kv string
+    {
+        const char * findkey = "some.parameter.string";
+
+        const int keyidx = gguf_find_key(ctx, findkey);
+        if (keyidx == -1) {
+            fprintf(stdout, "%s: find key: %s not found.\n", __func__, findkey);
+        } else {
+            const char * key_value = gguf_get_val_str(ctx, keyidx);
+            fprintf(stdout, "%s: find key: %s found, kv[%d] value = %s\n", __func__, findkey, keyidx, key_value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // tensor info
+    {
+        const int n_tensors = gguf_get_n_tensors(ctx);
+
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s: n_tensors: %d\n", __func__, n_tensors);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_tensors; ++i) {
+            const char * name   = gguf_get_tensor_name  (ctx, i);
+            const size_t offset = gguf_get_tensor_offset(ctx, i);
+
+            fprintf(stdout, "%s: tensor[%d]: name = %s, offset = %zu\n", __func__, i, name, offset);
+        }
+    }
+
+    gguf_free(ctx);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+// read and create ggml_context containing the tensors and their data
+bool gguf_ex_read_1(const std::string & fname) {
+    struct ggml_context * ctx_data = NULL;
+
+    struct gguf_init_params params = {
+        /*.no_alloc = */ false,
+        /*.ctx      = */ &ctx_data,
+    };
+
+    struct gguf_context * ctx = gguf_init_from_file(fname.c_str(), params);
+
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s: version:      %d\n", __func__, gguf_get_version(ctx));
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s: alignment:   %zu\n", __func__, gguf_get_alignment(ctx));
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s: data offset: %zu\n", __func__, gguf_get_data_offset(ctx));
+
+    // kv
+    {
+        const int n_kv = gguf_get_n_kv(ctx);
+
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s: n_kv: %d\n", __func__, n_kv);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_kv; ++i) {
+            const char * key = gguf_get_key(ctx, i);
+
+            fprintf(stdout, "%s: kv[%d]: key = %s\n", __func__, i, key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // tensor info
+    {
+        const int n_tensors = gguf_get_n_tensors(ctx);
+
+        fprintf(stdout, "%s: n_tensors: %d\n", __func__, n_tensors);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_tensors; ++i) {
+            const char * name   = gguf_get_tensor_name  (ctx, i);
+            const size_t offset = gguf_get_tensor_offset(ctx, i);
+
+            fprintf(stdout, "%s: tensor[%d]: name = %s, offset = %zu\n", __func__, i, name, offset);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // data
+    {
+        const int n_tensors = gguf_get_n_tensors(ctx);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_tensors; ++i) {
+            fprintf(stdout, "%s: reading tensor %d data\n", __func__, i);
+
+            const char * name = gguf_get_tensor_name(ctx, i);
+
+            struct ggml_tensor * cur = ggml_get_tensor(ctx_data, name);
+
+            fprintf(stdout, "%s: tensor[%d]: n_dims = %d, name = %s, data = %p\n", __func__, i, cur->n_dims, cur->name, cur->data);
+
+            // print first 10 elements
+            const float * data = (const float *) cur->data;
+
+            printf("%s data[:10] : ", name);
+            for (int j = 0; j < MIN(10, ggml_nelements(cur)); ++j) {
+                printf("%f ", data[j]);
+            }
+            printf("\n\n");
+
+            // check data
+            {
+                const float * data = (const float *) cur->data;
+                for (int j = 0; j < ggml_nelements(cur); ++j) {
+                    if (data[j] != 100 + i) {
+                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: tensor[%d]: data[%d] = %f\n", __func__, i, j, data[j]);
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fprintf(stdout, "%s: ctx_data size: %zu\n", __func__, ggml_get_mem_size(ctx_data));
+
+    ggml_free(ctx_data);
+    gguf_free(ctx);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
+    if (argc < 3) {
+        fprintf(stdout, "usage: %s data.gguf r|w\n", argv[0]);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    const std::string fname(argv[1]);
+    const std::string mode (argv[2]);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT((mode == "r" || mode == "w") && "mode must be r or w");
+
+    if (mode == "w") {
+        GGML_ASSERT(gguf_ex_write(fname) && "failed to write gguf file");
+    } else if (mode == "r") {
+        GGML_ASSERT(gguf_ex_read_0(fname) && "failed to read gguf file");
+        GGML_ASSERT(gguf_ex_read_1(fname) && "failed to read gguf file");
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}

examples/json-schema-to-grammar.py

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import argparse
+import json
+import re
+import sys
+
+# whitespace is constrained to a single space char to prevent model "running away" in
+# whitespace. Also maybe improves generation quality?
+SPACE_RULE = '" "?'
+
+PRIMITIVE_RULES = {
+    'boolean': '("true" | "false") space',
+    'number': '("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space',
+    'integer': '("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) space',
+    'string': r''' "\"" (
+        [^"\\] |
+        "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+      )* "\"" space ''',
+    'null': '"null" space',
+}
+
+INVALID_RULE_CHARS_RE = re.compile(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9-]+')
+GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE = re.compile(r'[\r\n"]')
+GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES = {'\r': '\\r', '\n': '\\n', '"': '\\"'}
+
+
+class SchemaConverter:
+    def __init__(self, prop_order):
+        self._prop_order = prop_order
+        self._rules = {'space': SPACE_RULE}
+
+    def _format_literal(self, literal):
+        escaped = GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE.sub(
+            lambda m: GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES.get(m.group(0)), json.dumps(literal)
+        )
+        return f'"{escaped}"'
+
+    def _add_rule(self, name, rule):
+        esc_name = INVALID_RULE_CHARS_RE.sub('-', name)
+        if esc_name not in self._rules or self._rules[esc_name] == rule:
+            key = esc_name
+        else:
+            i = 0
+            while f'{esc_name}{i}' in self._rules:
+                i += 1
+            key = f'{esc_name}{i}'
+        self._rules[key] = rule
+        return key
+
+    def visit(self, schema, name):
+        schema_type = schema.get('type')
+        rule_name = name or 'root'
+
+        if 'oneOf' in schema or 'anyOf' in schema:
+            rule = ' | '.join((
+                self.visit(alt_schema, f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}{i}')
+                for i, alt_schema in enumerate(schema.get('oneOf') or schema['anyOf'])
+            ))
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, rule)
+
+        elif 'const' in schema:
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, self._format_literal(schema['const']))
+
+        elif 'enum' in schema:
+            rule = ' | '.join((self._format_literal(v) for v in schema['enum']))
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, rule)
+
+        elif schema_type == 'object' and 'properties' in schema:
+            # TODO: `required` keyword
+            prop_order = self._prop_order
+            prop_pairs = sorted(
+                schema['properties'].items(),
+                # sort by position in prop_order (if specified) then by key
+                key=lambda kv: (prop_order.get(kv[0], len(prop_order)), kv[0]),
+            )
+
+            rule = '"{" space'
+            for i, (prop_name, prop_schema) in enumerate(prop_pairs):
+                prop_rule_name = self.visit(prop_schema, f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}{prop_name}')
+                if i > 0:
+                    rule += ' "," space'
+                rule += fr' {self._format_literal(prop_name)} space ":" space {prop_rule_name}'
+            rule += ' "}" space'
+
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, rule)
+
+        elif schema_type == 'array' and 'items' in schema:
+            # TODO `prefixItems` keyword
+            item_rule_name = self.visit(schema['items'], f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}item')
+            rule = f'"[" space ({item_rule_name} ("," space {item_rule_name})*)? "]" space'
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, rule)
+
+        else:
+            assert schema_type in PRIMITIVE_RULES, f'Unrecognized schema: {schema}'
+            return self._add_rule(
+                'root' if rule_name == 'root' else schema_type,
+                PRIMITIVE_RULES[schema_type]
+            )
+
+    def format_grammar(self):
+        return '\n'.join((f'{name} ::= {rule}' for name, rule in self._rules.items()))
+
+
+def main(args_in = None):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description='''
+            Generates a grammar (suitable for use in ./main) that produces JSON conforming to a
+            given JSON schema. Only a subset of JSON schema features are supported; more may be
+            added in the future.
+        ''',
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--prop-order',
+        default=[],
+        type=lambda s: s.split(','),
+        help='''
+            comma-separated property names defining the order of precedence for object properties;
+            properties not specified here are given lower precedence than those that are, and are
+            sorted alphabetically
+        '''
+    )
+    parser.add_argument('schema', help='file containing JSON schema ("-" for stdin)')
+    args = parser.parse_args(args_in)
+
+    schema = json.load(sys.stdin if args.schema == '-' else open(args.schema))
+    prop_order = {name: idx for idx, name in enumerate(args.prop_order)}
+    converter = SchemaConverter(prop_order)
+    converter.visit(schema, '')
+    print(converter.format_grammar())
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

examples/llama-bench/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+set(TARGET llama-bench)
+add_executable(${TARGET} llama-bench.cpp)
+install(TARGETS ${TARGET} RUNTIME)
+target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE common llama ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+target_compile_features(${TARGET} PRIVATE cxx_std_11)
+if(TARGET BUILD_INFO)
+  add_dependencies(${TARGET} BUILD_INFO)
+endif()

examples/llama-bench/llama-bench.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,969 @@
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <map>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <regex>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "ggml.h"
+#include "llama.h"
+#include "common.h"
+#include "build-info.h"
+#ifdef GGML_USE_CUBLAS
+#include "ggml-cuda.h"
+#endif
+
+// utils
+static uint64_t get_time_ns() {
+    using clock = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock;
+    return std::chrono::nanoseconds(clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
+}
+
+template<class T>
+static std::string join(const std::vector<T> & values, const std::string & delim) {
+    std::ostringstream str;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < values.size(); i++) {
+        str << values[i];
+        if (i < values.size() - 1) {
+            str << delim;
+        }
+    }
+    return str.str();
+}
+
+template<class T>
+static std::vector<T> split(const std::string & str, char delim) {
+    std::vector<T> values;
+    std::istringstream str_stream(str);
+    std::string token;
+    while (std::getline(str_stream, token, delim)) {
+        T value;
+        std::istringstream token_stream(token);
+        token_stream >> value;
+        values.push_back(value);
+    }
+    return values;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+static T avg(const std::vector<T> & v) {
+    if (v.empty()) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    T sum = std::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), T(0));
+    return sum / (T)v.size();
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+static T stdev(const std::vector<T> & v) {
+    if (v.size() <= 1) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    T mean = avg(v);
+    T sq_sum = std::inner_product(v.begin(), v.end(), v.begin(), T(0));
+    T stdev = std::sqrt(sq_sum / (T)(v.size() - 1) - mean * mean * (T)v.size() / (T)(v.size() - 1));
+    return stdev;
+}
+
+static bool ggml_cpu_has_metal() {
+#if defined(GGML_USE_METAL)
+    return true;
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+static std::string get_cpu_info() {
+    std::string id;
+#ifdef __linux__
+    FILE * f = fopen("/proc/cpuinfo", "r");
+    if (f) {
+        char buf[1024];
+        while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), f)) {
+            if (strncmp(buf, "model name", 10) == 0) {
+                char * p = strchr(buf, ':');
+                if (p) {
+                    p++;
+                    while (std::isspace(*p)) {
+                        p++;
+                    }
+                    while (std::isspace(p[strlen(p) - 1])) {
+                        p[strlen(p) - 1] = '\0';
+                    }
+                    id = p;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    // TODO: other platforms
+    return id;
+}
+
+static std::string get_gpu_info() {
+    std::string id;
+#ifdef GGML_USE_CUBLAS
+    int count = ggml_cuda_get_device_count();
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        char buf[128];
+        ggml_cuda_get_device_description(i, buf, sizeof(buf));
+        id += buf;
+        if (i < count - 1) {
+            id += "/";
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    // TODO: other backends
+    return id;
+}
+
+// command line params
+enum output_formats {CSV, JSON, MARKDOWN, SQL};
+
+struct cmd_params {
+    std::vector<std::string> model;
+    std::vector<int> n_prompt;
+    std::vector<int> n_gen;
+    std::vector<int> n_batch;
+    std::vector<bool> f32_kv;
+    std::vector<int> n_threads;
+    std::vector<int> n_gpu_layers;
+    std::vector<int> main_gpu;
+    std::vector<bool> mul_mat_q;
+    std::vector<bool> low_vram;
+    std::vector<std::array<float, LLAMA_MAX_DEVICES>> tensor_split;
+    int reps;
+    bool verbose;
+    output_formats output_format;
+};
+
+static const cmd_params cmd_params_defaults = {
+    /* model         */ {"models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf"},
+    /* n_prompt      */ {512},
+    /* n_gen         */ {128},
+    /* n_batch       */ {512},
+    /* f32_kv        */ {false},
+    /* n_threads     */ {get_num_physical_cores()},
+    /* n_gpu_layers  */ {99},
+    /* main_gpu      */ {0},
+    /* mul_mat_q     */ {true},
+    /* low_vram      */ {false},
+    /* tensor_split  */ {{}},
+    /* reps          */ 5,
+    /* verbose       */ false,
+    /* output_format */ MARKDOWN
+};
+
+static void print_usage(int /* argc */, char ** argv) {
+    fprintf(stdout, "usage: %s [options]\n", argv[0]);
+    fprintf(stdout, "\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "options:\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -h, --help\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -m, --model <filename>            (default: %s)\n", join(cmd_params_defaults.model, ",").c_str());
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -p, --n-prompt <n>                (default: %s)\n", join(cmd_params_defaults.n_prompt, ",").c_str());
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -n, --n-gen <n>                   (default: %s)\n", join(cmd_params_defaults.n_gen, ",").c_str());
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -b, --batch-size <n>              (default: %s)\n", join(cmd_params_defaults.n_batch, ",").c_str());
+    fprintf(stdout, "  --memory-f32 <0|1>                (default: %s)\n", join(cmd_params_defaults.f32_kv, ",").c_str());
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -t, --threads <n>                 (default: %s)\n", join(cmd_params_defaults.n_threads, ",").c_str());
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -ngl N, --n-gpu-layers <n>        (default: %s)\n", join(cmd_params_defaults.n_gpu_layers, ",").c_str());
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -mg i, --main-gpu <n>             (default: %s)\n", join(cmd_params_defaults.main_gpu, ",").c_str());
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -lv, --low-vram <0|1>             (default: %s)\n", join(cmd_params_defaults.low_vram, ",").c_str());
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -mmq, --mul-mat-q <0|1>           (default: %s)\n", join(cmd_params_defaults.mul_mat_q, ",").c_str());
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -ts, --tensor_split <ts0/ts1/..>               \n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -r, --repetitions <n>             (default: %d)\n", cmd_params_defaults.reps);
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -o, --output <csv|json|md|sql>    (default: %s)\n", cmd_params_defaults.output_format == CSV ? "csv" : cmd_params_defaults.output_format == JSON ? "json" : cmd_params_defaults.output_format == MARKDOWN ? "md" : "sql");
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -v, --verbose                     (default: %s)\n", cmd_params_defaults.verbose ? "1" : "0");
+    fprintf(stdout, "\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "Multiple values can be given for each parameter by separating them with ',' or by specifying the parameter multiple times.\n");
+
+}
+
+static cmd_params parse_cmd_params(int argc, char ** argv) {
+    cmd_params params;
+    std::string arg;
+    bool invalid_param = false;
+    const std::string arg_prefix = "--";
+    const char split_delim = ',';
+
+    params.verbose = cmd_params_defaults.verbose;
+    params.output_format = cmd_params_defaults.output_format;
+    params.reps = cmd_params_defaults.reps;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+        arg = argv[i];
+        if (arg.compare(0, arg_prefix.size(), arg_prefix) == 0) {
+            std::replace(arg.begin(), arg.end(), '_', '-');
+        }
+
+        if (arg == "-h" || arg == "--help") {
+            print_usage(argc, argv);
+            exit(0);
+        } else if (arg == "-m" || arg == "--model") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            auto p = split<std::string>(argv[i], split_delim);
+            params.model.insert(params.model.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        } else if (arg == "-p" || arg == "--n-prompt") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            auto p = split<int>(argv[i], split_delim);
+            params.n_prompt.insert(params.n_prompt.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        } else if (arg == "-n" || arg == "--n-gen") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            auto p = split<int>(argv[i], split_delim);
+            params.n_gen.insert(params.n_gen.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        } else if (arg == "-b" || arg == "--batch-size") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            auto p = split<int>(argv[i], split_delim);
+            params.n_batch.insert(params.n_batch.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        } else if (arg == "--memory-f32") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            auto p = split<int>(argv[i], split_delim);
+            params.f32_kv.insert(params.f32_kv.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        } else if (arg == "-t" || arg == "--threads") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            auto p = split<int>(argv[i], split_delim);
+            params.n_threads.insert(params.n_threads.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        } else if (arg == "-ngl" || arg == "--n-gpu-layers") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            auto p = split<int>(argv[i], split_delim);
+            params.n_gpu_layers.insert(params.n_gpu_layers.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        } else if (arg == "-mg" || arg == "--main-gpu") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.main_gpu = split<int>(argv[i], split_delim);
+        } else if (arg == "-lv" || arg == "--low-vram") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            auto p = split<bool>(argv[i], split_delim);
+            params.low_vram.insert(params.low_vram.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        } else if (arg == "-mmq" || arg == "--mul-mat-q") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            auto p = split<bool>(argv[i], split_delim);
+            params.mul_mat_q.insert(params.mul_mat_q.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        } else if (arg == "-ts" || arg == "--tensor-split") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            for (auto ts : split<std::string>(argv[i], split_delim)) {
+                // split string by ; and /
+                const std::regex regex{R"([;/]+)"};
+                std::sregex_token_iterator it{ts.begin(), ts.end(), regex, -1};
+                std::vector<std::string> split_arg{it, {}};
+                GGML_ASSERT(split_arg.size() <= LLAMA_MAX_DEVICES);
+
+                std::array<float, LLAMA_MAX_DEVICES> tensor_split;
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < LLAMA_MAX_DEVICES; ++i) {
+                    if (i < split_arg.size()) {
+                        tensor_split[i] = std::stof(split_arg[i]);
+                    } else {
+                        tensor_split[i] = 0.0f;
+                    }
+                }
+                params.tensor_split.push_back(tensor_split);
+            }
+        } else if (arg == "-r" || arg == "--repetitions") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.reps = std::stoi(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "-o" || arg == "--output") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (argv[i] == std::string("csv")) {
+                params.output_format = CSV;
+            } else if (argv[i] == std::string("json")) {
+                params.output_format = JSON;
+            } else if (argv[i] == std::string("md")) {
+                params.output_format = MARKDOWN;
+            } else if (argv[i] == std::string("sql")) {
+                params.output_format = SQL;
+            } else {
+                invalid_param = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        } else if (arg == "-v" || arg == "--verbose") {
+            params.verbose = true;
+        } else {
+            invalid_param = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (invalid_param) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: invalid parameter for argument: %s\n", arg.c_str());
+        print_usage(argc, argv);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    // set defaults
+    if (params.model.empty())        { params.model = cmd_params_defaults.model; }
+    if (params.n_prompt.empty())     { params.n_prompt = cmd_params_defaults.n_prompt; }
+    if (params.n_gen.empty())        { params.n_gen = cmd_params_defaults.n_gen; }
+    if (params.n_batch.empty())      { params.n_batch = cmd_params_defaults.n_batch; }
+    if (params.f32_kv.empty())       { params.f32_kv = cmd_params_defaults.f32_kv; }
+    if (params.n_gpu_layers.empty()) { params.n_gpu_layers = cmd_params_defaults.n_gpu_layers; }
+    if (params.main_gpu.empty())     { params.main_gpu = cmd_params_defaults.main_gpu; }
+    if (params.mul_mat_q.empty())    { params.mul_mat_q = cmd_params_defaults.mul_mat_q; }
+    if (params.low_vram.empty())     { params.low_vram = cmd_params_defaults.low_vram; }
+    if (params.tensor_split.empty()) { params.tensor_split = cmd_params_defaults.tensor_split; }
+    if (params.n_threads.empty())    { params.n_threads = cmd_params_defaults.n_threads; }
+
+    return params;
+}
+
+struct cmd_params_instance {
+    std::string model;
+    int n_prompt;
+    int n_gen;
+    int n_batch;
+    bool f32_kv;
+    int n_threads;
+    int n_gpu_layers;
+    int main_gpu;
+    bool mul_mat_q;
+    bool low_vram;
+    std::array<float, LLAMA_MAX_DEVICES> tensor_split;
+
+    llama_context_params to_llama_params() const {
+        llama_context_params lparams = llama_context_default_params();
+        lparams.n_ctx = n_prompt + n_gen;
+        lparams.n_batch = n_batch;
+        lparams.f16_kv = !f32_kv;
+        lparams.n_gpu_layers = n_gpu_layers;
+        lparams.main_gpu = main_gpu;
+        lparams.mul_mat_q = mul_mat_q;
+        lparams.low_vram = low_vram;
+        lparams.tensor_split = tensor_split.data();
+
+        return lparams;
+    }
+};
+
+static std::vector<cmd_params_instance> get_cmd_params_instances_int(const cmd_params & params, int n_gen, int n_prompt) {
+    std::vector<cmd_params_instance> instances;
+
+    for (const auto & m : params.model)
+    for (const auto & nb : params.n_batch)
+    for (const auto & fk : params.f32_kv)
+    for (const auto & nl : params.n_gpu_layers)
+    for (const auto & mg : params.main_gpu)
+    for (const auto & mmq : params.mul_mat_q)
+    for (const auto & lv : params.low_vram)
+    for (const auto & ts : params.tensor_split)
+    for (const auto & nt : params.n_threads) {
+        cmd_params_instance instance = {
+            /* .model        = */ m,
+            /* .n_prompt     = */ n_prompt,
+            /* .n_gen        = */ n_gen,
+            /* .n_batch      = */ nb,
+            /* .f32_kv       = */ fk,
+            /* .n_threads    = */ nt,
+            /* .n_gpu_layers = */ nl,
+            /* .main_gpu     = */ mg,
+            /* .mul_mat_q    = */ mmq,
+            /* .low_vram     = */ lv,
+            /* .tensor_split = */ ts,
+        };
+        instances.push_back(instance);
+    }
+    return instances;
+}
+
+static std::vector<cmd_params_instance> get_cmd_params_instances(const cmd_params & params) {
+    std::vector<cmd_params_instance> instances;
+
+    for (const auto & n_prompt : params.n_prompt) {
+        if (n_prompt == 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        auto instances_prompt = get_cmd_params_instances_int(params, 0, n_prompt);
+        instances.insert(instances.end(), instances_prompt.begin(), instances_prompt.end());
+    }
+
+    for (const auto & n_gen : params.n_gen) {
+        if (n_gen == 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        auto instances_gen = get_cmd_params_instances_int(params, n_gen, 0);
+        instances.insert(instances.end(), instances_gen.begin(), instances_gen.end());
+    }
+
+    return instances;
+}
+
+struct test {
+    static const std::string build_commit;
+    static const int build_number;
+    static const bool cuda;
+    static const bool opencl;
+    static const bool metal;
+    static const bool gpu_blas;
+    static const bool blas;
+    static const std::string cpu_info;
+    static const std::string gpu_info;
+    std::string model_filename;
+    std::string model_type;
+    int n_batch;
+    int n_threads;
+    bool f32_kv;
+    int n_gpu_layers;
+    int main_gpu;
+    bool mul_mat_q;
+    bool low_vram;
+    std::array<float, LLAMA_MAX_DEVICES> tensor_split;
+    int n_prompt;
+    int n_gen;
+    std::string test_time;
+    std::vector<uint64_t> samples_ns;
+
+    test(const cmd_params_instance & inst, const llama_model * lmodel, const llama_context * ctx) {
+        model_filename = inst.model;
+        char buf[128];
+        llama_model_type(lmodel, buf, sizeof(buf));
+        model_type = buf;
+        n_batch = inst.n_batch;
+        n_threads = inst.n_threads;
+        f32_kv = inst.f32_kv;
+        n_gpu_layers = inst.n_gpu_layers;
+        main_gpu = inst.main_gpu;
+        mul_mat_q = inst.mul_mat_q;
+        low_vram = inst.low_vram;
+        tensor_split = inst.tensor_split;
+        n_prompt = inst.n_prompt;
+        n_gen = inst.n_gen;
+        // RFC 3339 date-time format
+        time_t t = time(NULL);
+        std::strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%FT%TZ", gmtime(&t));
+        test_time = buf;
+
+        (void) ctx;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t avg_ns() const {
+        return ::avg(samples_ns);
+    }
+
+    uint64_t stdev_ns() const {
+        return ::stdev(samples_ns);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<double> get_ts() const {
+        int n_tokens = n_prompt + n_gen;
+        std::vector<double> ts;
+        std::transform(samples_ns.begin(), samples_ns.end(), std::back_inserter(ts), [n_tokens](uint64_t t) { return 1e9 * n_tokens / t; });
+        return ts;
+    }
+
+    double avg_ts() const {
+        return ::avg(get_ts());
+    }
+
+    double stdev_ts() const {
+        return ::stdev(get_ts());
+    }
+
+    static std::string get_backend() {
+        if (cuda) {
+            return "CUDA";
+        }
+        if (opencl) {
+            return "OpenCL";
+        }
+        if (metal) {
+            return "Metal";
+        }
+        if (gpu_blas) {
+            return "GPU BLAS";
+        }
+        if (blas) {
+            return "BLAS";
+        }
+        return "CPU";
+    }
+
+    static const std::vector<std::string> & get_fields() {
+        static const std::vector<std::string> fields = {
+            "build_commit", "build_number",
+            "cuda", "opencl", "metal", "gpu_blas", "blas",
+            "cpu_info", "gpu_info",
+            "model_filename", "model_type",
+            "n_batch", "n_threads", "f16_kv",
+            "n_gpu_layers", "main_gpu", "mul_mat_q", "low_vram", "tensor_split",
+            "n_prompt", "n_gen", "test_time",
+            "avg_ns", "stddev_ns",
+            "avg_ts", "stddev_ts"
+        };
+        return fields;
+    }
+
+    enum field_type {STRING, BOOL, INT, FLOAT};
+
+    static field_type get_field_type(const std::string & field) {
+        if (field == "build_number" || field == "n_batch" || field == "n_threads" ||
+            field == "n_gpu_layers" || field == "main_gpu" ||
+            field == "n_prompt" || field == "n_gen" ||
+            field == "avg_ns" || field == "stddev_ns") {
+            return INT;
+        }
+        if (field == "cuda" || field == "opencl" || field == "metal" || field == "gpu_blas" || field == "blas" ||
+            field == "f16_kv" || field == "mul_mat_q" || field == "low_vram") {
+            return BOOL;
+        }
+        if (field == "avg_ts" || field == "stddev_ts") {
+            return FLOAT;
+        }
+        return STRING;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> get_values() const {
+        std::string tensor_split_str;
+        int max_nonzero = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < LLAMA_MAX_DEVICES; i++) {
+            if (tensor_split[i] > 0) {
+                max_nonzero = i;
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i <= max_nonzero; i++) {
+            char buf[32];
+            snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.2f", tensor_split[i]);
+            tensor_split_str += buf;
+            if (i < max_nonzero) {
+                tensor_split_str += "/";
+            }
+        }
+        std::vector<std::string> values = {
+            build_commit, std::to_string(build_number),
+            std::to_string(cuda), std::to_string(opencl), std::to_string(metal), std::to_string(gpu_blas), std::to_string(blas),
+            cpu_info, gpu_info,
+            model_filename, model_type,
+            std::to_string(n_batch), std::to_string(n_threads), std::to_string(!f32_kv),
+            std::to_string(n_gpu_layers), std::to_string(main_gpu), std::to_string(mul_mat_q), std::to_string(low_vram), tensor_split_str,
+            std::to_string(n_prompt), std::to_string(n_gen), test_time,
+            std::to_string(avg_ns()), std::to_string(stdev_ns()),
+            std::to_string(avg_ts()), std::to_string(stdev_ts())
+        };
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> get_map() const {
+        std::map<std::string, std::string> map;
+        auto fields = get_fields();
+        auto values = get_values();
+        std::transform(fields.begin(), fields.end(), values.begin(),
+                std::inserter(map, map.end()), std::make_pair<const std::string &, const std::string &>);
+        return map;
+    }
+};
+
+const std::string test::build_commit = BUILD_COMMIT;
+const int         test::build_number = BUILD_NUMBER;
+const bool        test::cuda         = !!ggml_cpu_has_cublas();
+const bool        test::opencl       = !!ggml_cpu_has_clblast();
+const bool        test::metal        = !!ggml_cpu_has_metal();
+const bool        test::gpu_blas     = !!ggml_cpu_has_gpublas();
+const bool        test::blas         = !!ggml_cpu_has_blas();
+const std::string test::cpu_info     = get_cpu_info();
+const std::string test::gpu_info     = get_gpu_info();
+
+struct printer {
+    virtual ~printer() {}
+
+    FILE * fout;
+    virtual void print_header(const cmd_params & params) { (void) params; };
+    virtual void print_test(const test & t) = 0;
+    virtual void print_footer() { };
+};
+
+struct csv_printer : public printer {
+    static std::string escape_csv(const std::string & field) {
+        std::string escaped = "\"";
+        for (auto c : field) {
+            if (c == '"') {
+                escaped += "\"";
+            }
+            escaped += c;
+        }
+        escaped += "\"";
+        return escaped;
+    }
+
+    void print_header(const cmd_params & params) override  {
+        std::vector<std::string> fields = test::get_fields();
+        fprintf(fout, "%s\n", join(fields, ",").c_str());
+        (void) params;
+    }
+
+    void print_test(const test & t) override {
+        std::vector<std::string> values = t.get_values();
+        std::transform(values.begin(), values.end(), values.begin(), escape_csv);
+        fprintf(fout, "%s\n", join(values, ",").c_str());
+    }
+};
+
+struct json_printer : public printer {
+    bool first = true;
+
+    static std::string escape_json(const std::string & value) {
+        std::string escaped;
+        for (auto c : value) {
+            if (c == '"') {
+                escaped += "\\\"";
+            } else if (c == '\\') {
+                escaped += "\\\\";
+            } else  if (c <= 0x1f) {
+                char buf[8];
+                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "\\u%04x", c);
+                escaped += buf;
+            } else {
+                escaped += c;
+            }
+        }
+        return escaped;
+    }
+
+    static std::string format_value(const std::string & field, const std::string & value) {
+        switch (test::get_field_type(field)) {
+            case test::STRING:
+                return "\"" + escape_json(value) + "\"";
+            case test::BOOL:
+                return value == "0" ? "false" : "true";
+            default:
+                return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void print_header(const cmd_params & params) override {
+        fprintf(fout, "[\n");
+        (void) params;
+    }
+
+    void print_fields(const std::vector<std::string> & fields, const std::vector<std::string> & values) {
+        assert(fields.size() == values.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < fields.size(); i++) {
+            fprintf(fout, "    \"%s\": %s,\n", fields.at(i).c_str(), format_value(fields.at(i), values.at(i)).c_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void print_test(const test & t) override {
+        if (first) {
+            first = false;
+        } else {
+            fprintf(fout, ",\n");
+        }
+        fprintf(fout, "  {\n");
+        print_fields(test::get_fields(), t.get_values());
+        fprintf(fout, "    \"samples_ns\": [ %s ],\n", join(t.samples_ns, ", ").c_str());
+        fprintf(fout, "    \"samples_ts\": [ %s ]\n", join(t.get_ts(), ", ").c_str());
+        fprintf(fout, "  }");
+        fflush(fout);
+    }
+
+    void print_footer() override {
+        fprintf(fout, "\n]\n");
+    }
+};
+
+struct markdown_printer : public printer {
+    std::vector<std::string> fields;
+
+    static int get_field_width(const std::string & field) {
+        if (field == "model") {
+            return -30;
+        }
+        if (field == "t/s") {
+            return 15;
+        }
+        int width = std::max((int)field.length(), 10);
+
+        if (test::get_field_type(field) == test::STRING) {
+            return -width;
+        }
+        return width;
+    }
+
+    void print_header(const cmd_params & params) override {
+        // select fields to print
+        fields = { "model", "backend" };
+        bool is_cpu_backend = test::get_backend() == "CPU" || test::get_backend() == "BLAS";
+        if (!is_cpu_backend) {
+            fields.push_back("n_gpu_layers");
+        }
+        if (params.n_threads.size() > 1 || params.n_threads != cmd_params_defaults.n_threads || is_cpu_backend) {
+            fields.push_back("n_threads");
+        }
+        if (params.n_batch.size() > 1 || params.n_batch != cmd_params_defaults.n_batch) {
+            fields.push_back("n_batch");
+        }
+        if (params.f32_kv.size() > 1 || params.f32_kv != cmd_params_defaults.f32_kv) {
+            fields.push_back("f16_kv");
+        }
+        if (params.main_gpu.size() > 1 || params.main_gpu != cmd_params_defaults.main_gpu) {
+            fields.push_back("main_gpu");
+        }
+        if (params.mul_mat_q.size() > 1 || params.mul_mat_q != cmd_params_defaults.mul_mat_q) {
+            fields.push_back("mul_mat_q");
+        }
+        if (params.low_vram.size() > 1 || params.low_vram != cmd_params_defaults.low_vram) {
+            fields.push_back("low_vram");
+        }
+        if (params.tensor_split.size() > 1 || params.tensor_split != cmd_params_defaults.tensor_split) {
+            fields.push_back("tensor_split");
+        }
+        fields.push_back("test");
+        fields.push_back("t/s");
+
+        fprintf(fout, "|");
+        for (const auto & field : fields) {
+            fprintf(fout, " %*s |", get_field_width(field), field.c_str());
+        }
+        fprintf(fout, "\n");
+        fprintf(fout, "|");
+        for (const auto & field : fields) {
+            int width = get_field_width(field);
+            fprintf(fout, " %s%s |", std::string(std::abs(width) - 1, '-').c_str(), width > 0 ? ":" : "-");
+        }
+        fprintf(fout, "\n");
+    }
+
+    void print_test(const test & t) override {
+        std::map<std::string, std::string> vmap = t.get_map();
+
+        fprintf(fout, "|");
+        for (const auto & field : fields) {
+            std::string value;
+            if (field == "model") {
+                value = t.model_type;
+            } else if (field == "backend") {
+                value = test::get_backend();
+            } else if (field == "test") {
+                char buf[128];
+                if (t.n_prompt > 0 && t.n_gen == 0) {
+                    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "pp %d", t.n_prompt);
+                } else if (t.n_gen > 0 && t.n_prompt == 0) {
+                    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "tg %d", t.n_gen);
+                } else {
+                    assert(false);
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+                value = buf;
+            } else if (field == "t/s") {
+                char buf[128];
+                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.2f ± %.2f", t.avg_ts(), t.stdev_ts());
+                value = buf;
+            } else if (vmap.find(field) != vmap.end()) {
+                value = vmap.at(field);
+            } else {
+                assert(false);
+                exit(1);
+            }
+
+            int width = get_field_width(field);
+            if (field == "t/s") {
+                // HACK: the utf-8 character is 2 bytes
+                width += 1;
+            }
+            fprintf(fout, " %*s |", width, value.c_str());
+        }
+        fprintf(fout, "\n");
+    }
+
+    void print_footer() override {
+        fprintf(fout, "\nbuild: %s (%d)\n", test::build_commit.c_str(), test::build_number);
+    }
+};
+
+struct sql_printer : public printer {
+    static std::string get_sql_field_type(const std::string & field) {
+        switch (test::get_field_type(field)) {
+            case test::STRING:
+                return "TEXT";
+            case test::BOOL:
+            case test::INT:
+                return "INTEGER";
+            case test::FLOAT:
+                return "REAL";
+            default:
+                assert(false);
+                exit(1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void print_header(const cmd_params & params) override {
+        std::vector<std::string> fields = test::get_fields();
+        fprintf(fout, "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS test (\n");
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < fields.size(); i++) {
+            fprintf(fout, "  %s %s%s\n", fields.at(i).c_str(), get_sql_field_type(fields.at(i)).c_str(),  i < fields.size() - 1 ? "," : "");
+        }
+        fprintf(fout, ");\n");
+        fprintf(fout, "\n");
+        (void) params;
+    }
+
+    void print_test(const test & t) override {
+        fprintf(fout, "INSERT INTO test (%s) ", join(test::get_fields(), ", ").c_str());
+        fprintf(fout, "VALUES (");
+        std::vector<std::string> values = t.get_values();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < values.size(); i++) {
+            fprintf(fout, "'%s'%s", values.at(i).c_str(), i < values.size() - 1 ? ", " : "");
+        }
+        fprintf(fout, ");\n");
+    }
+};
+
+static void test_prompt(llama_context * ctx, int n_prompt, int n_past, int n_batch, int n_threads) {
+    std::vector<llama_token> tokens(n_batch, llama_token_bos(ctx));
+    int n_processed = 0;
+    while (n_processed < n_prompt) {
+        int n_tokens = std::min(n_prompt - n_processed, n_batch);
+        llama_eval(ctx, tokens.data(), n_tokens, n_past + n_processed, n_threads);
+        n_processed += n_tokens;
+    }
+}
+
+static void test_gen(llama_context * ctx, int n_gen, int n_past, int n_threads) {
+    llama_token token = llama_token_bos(ctx);
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_gen; i++) {
+        llama_eval(ctx, &token, 1, n_past + i, n_threads);
+    }
+}
+
+static void llama_null_log_callback(enum llama_log_level level, const char * text, void * user_data) {
+    (void) level;
+    (void) text;
+    (void) user_data;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+    fprintf(stderr, "warning: asserts enabled, performance may be affected\n");
+#endif
+
+#if (defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_DEBUG)) || (!defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__OPTIMIZE__))
+    fprintf(stderr, "warning: debug build, performance may be affected\n");
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__) || defined(__SANITIZE_THREAD__)
+    fprintf(stderr, "warning: sanitizer enabled, performance may be affected\n");
+#endif
+
+    cmd_params params = parse_cmd_params(argc, argv);
+
+    // initialize llama.cpp
+    if (!params.verbose) {
+        llama_log_set(llama_null_log_callback, NULL);
+    }
+    bool numa = false;
+    llama_backend_init(numa);
+
+    // initialize printer
+    std::unique_ptr<printer> p;
+    switch (params.output_format) {
+        case CSV:
+            p.reset(new csv_printer());
+            break;
+        case JSON:
+            p.reset(new json_printer());
+            break;
+        case MARKDOWN:
+            p.reset(new markdown_printer());
+            break;
+        case SQL:
+            p.reset(new sql_printer());
+            break;
+        default:
+            assert(false);
+            exit(1);
+    }
+    p->fout = stdout;
+    p->print_header(params);
+
+    std::vector<cmd_params_instance> params_instances = get_cmd_params_instances(params);
+
+    for (const auto & inst : params_instances) {
+        // TODO: keep the model between tests when possible
+        llama_context_params lparams = inst.to_llama_params();
+
+        llama_model * lmodel  = llama_load_model_from_file(inst.model.c_str(), lparams);
+        if (lmodel == NULL) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to load model '%s'\n", __func__, inst.model.c_str());
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        llama_context * ctx = llama_new_context_with_model(lmodel, lparams);
+        if (ctx == NULL) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to create context with model '%s'\n", __func__, inst.model.c_str());
+            llama_free_model(lmodel);
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        test t(inst, lmodel, ctx);
+
+        // warmup run
+        test_gen(ctx, 1, 0, t.n_threads);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < params.reps; i++) {
+            uint64_t t_start = get_time_ns();
+            if (t.n_prompt > 0) {
+                test_prompt(ctx, t.n_prompt, 0, t.n_batch, t.n_threads);
+            }
+            if (t.n_gen > 0) {
+                test_gen(ctx, t.n_gen, t.n_prompt, t.n_threads);
+            }
+            uint64_t t_ns = get_time_ns() - t_start;
+            t.samples_ns.push_back(t_ns);
+        }
+
+        p->print_test(t);
+
+        llama_print_timings(ctx);
+
+        llama_free(ctx);
+        llama_free_model(lmodel);
+    }
+
+    p->print_footer();
+
+    llama_backend_free();
+
+    return 0;
+}

examples/llama.vim

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+" Requires an already running llama.cpp server
+" To install either copy or symlink to ~/.vim/autoload/llama.vim
+" Then start with either :call llama#doLlamaGen(),
+" or add a keybind to your vimrc such as
+" nnoremap Z :call llama#doLlamaGen()<CR>
+" Similarly, you could add an insert mode keybind with
+" inoremap <C-B> <Cmd>call llama#doLlamaGen()<CR>
+"
+" g:llama_api_url and g:llama_overrides can be configured in your .vimrc
+" let g:llama_api_url = "192.168.1.10:8080"
+" llama_overrides can also be set through buffer/window scopes. For instance
+" autocmd filetype python let b:llama_overrides = {"temp": 0.2}
+" Could be added to your .vimrc to automatically set a lower temperature when
+" editing a python script
+" Additionally, an override dict can be stored at the top of a file
+" !*{"stop": ["User:"]}
+" Could be added to the start of your chatlog.txt to set the stopping token
+" These parameter dicts are merged together from lowest to highest priority:
+" server default -> g:llama_overrides -> w:llama_overrides ->
+" b:llama_overrides -> in file (!*) overrides
+"
+" Sublists (like logit_bias and stop) are overridden, not merged
+" Example override:
+" !*{"logit_bias": [[13, -5], [2, false]], "temperature": 1, "top_k": 5, "top_p": 0.5, "n_predict": 256, "repeat_last_n": 256, "repeat_penalty": 1.17647}
+if !exists("g:llama_api_url")
+    let g:llama_api_url= "127.0.0.1:8080"
+endif
+if !exists("g:llama_overrides")
+   let g:llama_overrides = {}
+endif
+const s:querydata = {"n_predict": 256, "stop": [ "\n" ], "stream": v:true }
+const s:curlcommand = ['curl','--data-raw', "{\"prompt\":\"### System:\"}", '--silent', '--no-buffer', '--request', 'POST', '--url', g:llama_api_url .. '/completion', '--header', "Content-Type: application/json"]
+let s:linedict = {}
+
+func s:callbackHandler(bufn, channel, msg)
+   if len(a:msg) < 3
+      return
+   elseif a:msg[0] == "d"
+      let l:msg = a:msg[6:-1]
+   else
+      let l:msg = a:msg
+   endif
+   let l:decoded_msg = json_decode(l:msg)
+   let l:newtext = split(l:decoded_msg['content'], "\n", 1)
+   if len(l:newtext) > 0
+      call setbufline(a:bufn, s:linedict[a:bufn], getbufline(a:bufn, s:linedict[a:bufn])[0] .. newtext[0])
+   else
+      echo "nothing genned"
+   endif
+   if len(newtext) > 1
+      let l:failed = appendbufline(a:bufn, s:linedict[a:bufn], newtext[1:-1])
+      let s:linedict[a:bufn] = s:linedict[a:bufn] + len(newtext)-1
+   endif
+   if has_key(l:decoded_msg, "stop") && l:decoded_msg.stop
+       echo "Finished generation"
+   endif
+endfunction
+
+func llama#doLlamaGen()
+   if exists("b:job")
+      if job_status(b:job) == "run"
+         call job_stop(b:job)
+         return
+      endif
+   endif
+
+   let l:cbuffer = bufnr("%")
+   let s:linedict[l:cbuffer] = line('$')
+   let l:buflines = getbufline(l:cbuffer, 1, 1000)
+   let l:querydata = copy(s:querydata)
+   call extend(l:querydata, g:llama_overrides)
+   if exists("w:llama_overrides")
+      call extend(l:querydata, w:llama_overrides)
+   endif
+   if exists("b:llama_overrides")
+      call extend(l:querydata, b:llama_overrides)
+   endif
+   if l:buflines[0][0:1] == '!*'
+      let l:userdata = json_decode(l:buflines[0][2:-1])
+      call extend(l:querydata, l:userdata)
+      let l:buflines = l:buflines[1:-1]
+   endif
+   let l:querydata.prompt = join(l:buflines, "\n")
+   let l:curlcommand = copy(s:curlcommand)
+   let l:curlcommand[2] = json_encode(l:querydata)
+   let b:job = job_start(l:curlcommand, {"callback": function("s:callbackHandler", [l:cbuffer])})
+endfunction
+
+" Echos the tokkenization of the provided string , or cursor to end of word
+" Onus is placed on the user to include the preceding space
+func llama#tokenizeWord(...)
+    if (a:0 > 0)
+        let l:input = a:1
+    else
+        exe "normal \"*ye"
+        let l:input = @*
+    endif
+    let l:querydata = {"content": l:input}
+    let l:curlcommand = copy(s:curlcommand)
+    let l:curlcommand[2] = json_encode(l:querydata)
+    let l:curlcommand[8] = g:llama_api_url .. "/tokenize"
+   let s:token_job = job_start(l:curlcommand, {"callback": function("s:tokenizeWordCallback", [l:input])})
+endfunction
+
+func s:tokenizeWordCallback(plaintext, channel, msg)
+    echo '"' .. a:plaintext ..'" - ' .. string(json_decode(a:msg).tokens)
+endfunction
+
+
+" Echos the token count of the entire buffer (or provided string)
+" Example usage :echo llama#tokenCount()
+func llama#tokenCount(...)
+    if (a:0 > 0)
+        let l:buflines = a:1
+    else
+        let l:buflines = getline(1,1000)
+        if l:buflines[0][0:1] == '!*'
+            let l:buflines = l:buflines[1:-1]
+        endif
+        let l:buflines = join(l:buflines, "\n")
+    endif
+    let l:querydata = {"content": l:buflines}
+    let l:curlcommand = copy(s:curlcommand)
+    let l:curlcommand[2] = json_encode(l:querydata)
+    let l:curlcommand[8] = g:llama_api_url .. "/tokenize"
+   let s:token_job = job_start(l:curlcommand, {"callback": "s:tokenCountCallback"})
+endfunction
+
+func s:tokenCountCallback(channel, msg)
+    let resp = json_decode(a:msg)
+    echo len(resp.tokens)
+endfunction

examples/llm.vim

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+" Basic plugin example
+
 function! Llm()
 
   let url = "http://127.0.0.1:8080/completion"
@@ -16,8 +18,10 @@ function! Llm()
   " Extract the content field from the response
   let content = json_decode(response).content
 
+  let split_newlines = split(content, '\n', 1)
+
   " Insert the content at the cursor position
-  call setline(line('.'), getline('.') . content)
+  call setline(line('.'), [ getline('.') . split_newlines[0] ] + split_newlines[1:])
 endfunction
 
 command! Llm call Llm()

examples/main/README.md

@@ -140,6 +140,12 @@ The `--ctx-size` option allows you to set the size of the prompt context used by
 
 -   `-c N, --ctx-size N`: Set the size of the prompt context (default: 512). The LLaMA models were built with a context of 2048, which will yield the best results on longer input/inference. However, increasing the context size beyond 2048 may lead to unpredictable results.
 
+### Extended Context Size
+
+Some fine-tuned models have extened the context length by scaling RoPE. For example, if the original pretrained model have a context length (max sequence length) of 4096 (4k) and the fine-tuned model have 32k. That is a scaling factor of 8, and should work by setting the above `--ctx-size` to 32768 (32k) and `--rope-scale` to 8.
+
+- `--rope-scale N`: Where N is the linear scaling factor used by the fine-tuned model.
+
 ### Keep Prompt
 
 The `--keep` option allows users to retain the original prompt when the model runs out of context, ensuring a connection to the initial instruction or conversation topic is maintained.
@@ -154,9 +160,13 @@ The following options allow you to control the text generation process and fine-
 
 ### Number of Tokens to Predict
 
--   `-n N, --n-predict N`: Set the number of tokens to predict when generating text (default: 128, -1 = infinity).
+-   `-n N, --n-predict N`: Set the number of tokens to predict when generating text (default: 128, -1 = infinity, -2 = until context filled)
 
-The `--n-predict` option controls the number of tokens the model generates in response to the input prompt. By adjusting this value, you can influence the length of the generated text. A higher value will result in longer text, while a lower value will produce shorter text. A value of -1 will cause text to be generated without limit.
+The `--n-predict` option controls the number of tokens the model generates in response to the input prompt. By adjusting this value, you can influence the length of the generated text. A higher value will result in longer text, while a lower value will produce shorter text.
+
+A value of -1 will enable infinite text generation, even though we have a finite context window. When the context window is full, some of the earlier tokens (half of the tokens after `--n-keep`) will be discarded. The context must then be re-evaluated before generation can resume. On large models and/or large context windows, this will result in significant pause in output.
+
+If the pause is undesirable, a value of -2 will stop generation immediately when the context is filled.
 
 It is important to note that the generated text may be shorter than the specified number of tokens if an End-of-Sequence (EOS) token or a reverse prompt is encountered. In interactive mode text generation will pause and control will be returned to the user. In non-interactive mode, the program will end. In both cases, the text generation may stop before reaching the specified `n-predict` value. If you want the model to keep going without ever producing End-of-Sequence on its own, you can use the `--ignore-eos` parameter.
 
@@ -278,6 +288,10 @@ These options help improve the performance and memory usage of the LLaMA models.
 
 -   `--prompt-cache FNAME`: Specify a file to cache the model state after the initial prompt. This can significantly speed up the startup time when you're using longer prompts. The file is created during the first run and is reused and updated in subsequent runs. **Note**: Restoring a cached prompt does not imply restoring the exact state of the session at the point it was saved. So even when specifying a specific seed, you are not guaranteed to get the same sequence of tokens as the original generation.
 
+### Grammars
+
+-   `--grammar GRAMMAR`, `--grammar-file FILE`: Specify a grammar (defined inline or in a file) to constrain model output to a specific format. For example, you could force the model to output JSON or to speak only in emojis. See the [GBNF guide](../../grammars/README.md) for details on the syntax.
+
 ### Quantization
 
 For information about 4-bit quantization, which can significantly improve performance and reduce memory usage, please refer to llama.cpp's primary [README](../../README.md#prepare-data--run).

examples/main/main.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #include "common.h"
+#include "console.h"
 #include "llama.h"
 #include "build-info.h"
 #include "grammar-parser.h"
@@ -35,9 +36,7 @@
 #pragma warning(disable: 4244 4267) // possible loss of data
 #endif
 
-static console_state con_st;
 static llama_context ** g_ctx;
-
 static bool is_interacting = false;
 
 #if defined (__unix__) || (defined (__APPLE__) && defined (__MACH__)) || defined (_WIN32)
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ void sigint_handler(int signo) {
         if (!is_interacting) {
             is_interacting=true;
         } else {
-            console_cleanup(con_st);
+            console::cleanup();
             printf("\n");
             llama_print_timings(*g_ctx);
             _exit(130);
@@ -64,10 +63,8 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
 
     // save choice to use color for later
     // (note for later: this is a slightly awkward choice)
-    con_st.use_color = params.use_color;
-    con_st.multiline_input = params.multiline_input;
-    console_init(con_st);
-    atexit([]() { console_cleanup(con_st); });
+    console::init(params.simple_io, params.use_color);
+    atexit([]() { console::cleanup(); });
 
     if (params.perplexity) {
         printf("\n************\n");
@@ -146,7 +143,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: testing memory usage for n_batch = %d, n_ctx = %d\n", __func__, params.n_batch, params.n_ctx);
 
-            const std::vector<llama_token> tmp(params.n_batch, llama_token_bos());
+            const std::vector<llama_token> tmp(params.n_batch, llama_token_bos(ctx));
             llama_eval(ctx, tmp.data(), tmp.size(), params.n_ctx, params.n_threads);
         }
 
@@ -194,10 +191,6 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
 
     // tokenize the prompt
     std::vector<llama_token> embd_inp;
-
-    // Add a space in front of the first character to match OG llama tokenizer behavior
-    params.prompt.insert(0, 1, ' ');
-
     if (params.interactive_first || params.instruct || !params.prompt.empty() || session_tokens.empty()) {
         embd_inp = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, params.prompt, true);
     } else {
@@ -273,15 +266,12 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         params.interactive = true;
     }
 
-    // determine newline token
-    auto llama_token_newline = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, "\n", false);
-
     if (params.verbose_prompt) {
         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: prompt: '%s'\n", __func__, params.prompt.c_str());
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: number of tokens in prompt = %zu\n", __func__, embd_inp.size());
         for (int i = 0; i < (int) embd_inp.size(); i++) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "%6d -> '%s'\n", embd_inp[i], llama_token_to_str(ctx, embd_inp[i]));
+            fprintf(stderr, "%6d -> '%s'\n", embd_inp[i], llama_token_to_str(ctx, embd_inp[i]).c_str());
         }
 
         if (ctx_guidance) {
@@ -289,14 +279,14 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: negative prompt: '%s'\n", __func__, params.cfg_negative_prompt.c_str());
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: number of tokens in negative prompt = %zu\n", __func__, guidance_inp.size());
             for (int i = 0; i < (int) guidance_inp.size(); i++) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "%6d -> '%s'\n", guidance_inp[i], llama_token_to_str(ctx, guidance_inp[i]));
+                fprintf(stderr, "%6d -> '%s'\n", guidance_inp[i], llama_token_to_str(ctx, guidance_inp[i]).c_str());
             }
         }
 
         if (params.n_keep > 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: static prompt based on n_keep: '", __func__);
             for (int i = 0; i < params.n_keep; i++) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "%s", llama_token_to_str(ctx, embd_inp[i]));
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s", llama_token_to_str(ctx, embd_inp[i]).c_str());
             }
             fprintf(stderr, "'\n");
         }
@@ -314,7 +304,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         auto console_ctrl_handler = +[](DWORD ctrl_type) -> BOOL {
             return (ctrl_type == CTRL_C_EVENT) ? (sigint_handler(SIGINT), true) : false;
         };
-        SetConsoleCtrlHandler(static_cast<PHANDLER_ROUTINE>(console_ctrl_handler), true);
+        SetConsoleCtrlHandler(reinterpret_cast<PHANDLER_ROUTINE>(console_ctrl_handler), true);
 #endif
 
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: interactive mode on.\n", __func__);
@@ -355,10 +345,9 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 
         {
-            auto it = params.logit_bias.find(llama_token_eos());
+            auto it = params.logit_bias.find(llama_token_eos(ctx));
             if (it != params.logit_bias.end() && it->second == -INFINITY) {
-                fprintf(stderr,
-                    "%s: warning: EOS token is disabled, which will cause most grammars to fail\n", __func__);
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning: EOS token is disabled, which will cause most grammars to fail\n", __func__);
             }
         }
 
@@ -373,7 +362,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
 
     if (params.interactive) {
         const char *control_message;
-        if (con_st.multiline_input) {
+        if (params.multiline_input) {
             control_message = " - To return control to LLaMa, end your input with '\\'.\n"
                               " - To return control without starting a new line, end your input with '/'.\n";
         } else {
@@ -401,14 +390,14 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     int n_past_guidance    = 0;
 
     // the first thing we will do is to output the prompt, so set color accordingly
-    console_set_color(con_st, CONSOLE_COLOR_PROMPT);
+    console::set_display(console::prompt);
 
     std::vector<llama_token> embd;
     std::vector<llama_token> embd_guidance;
 
     // do one empty run to warm up the model
     {
-        const std::vector<llama_token> tmp = { llama_token_bos(), };
+        const std::vector<llama_token> tmp = { llama_token_bos(ctx), };
         llama_eval(ctx, tmp.data(), tmp.size(), 0, params.n_threads);
         llama_reset_timings(ctx);
     }
@@ -422,9 +411,9 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
             // Ensure the input doesn't exceed the context size by truncating embd if necessary.
             if ((int)embd.size() > max_embd_size) {
                 auto skipped_tokens = embd.size() - max_embd_size;
-                console_set_color(con_st, CONSOLE_COLOR_ERROR);
+                console::set_display(console::error);
                 printf("<<input too long: skipped %zu token%s>>", skipped_tokens, skipped_tokens != 1 ? "s" : "");
-                console_set_color(con_st, CONSOLE_COLOR_DEFAULT);
+                console::set_display(console::reset);
                 fflush(stdout);
                 embd.resize(max_embd_size);
             }
@@ -434,8 +423,12 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
             // - take the n_keep first tokens from the original prompt (via n_past)
             // - take half of the last (n_ctx - n_keep) tokens and recompute the logits in batches
             if (n_past + (int) embd.size() + std::max<int>(0, guidance_offset) > n_ctx) {
-                const int n_left = n_past - params.n_keep;
+                if (params.n_predict == -2) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "\n\n%s: context full, stopping generation\n", __func__);
+                    break;
+                }
 
+                const int n_left = n_past - params.n_keep;
                 // always keep the first token - BOS
                 n_past = std::max(1, params.n_keep);
                 n_past_guidance = std::max(1, params.n_keep + guidance_offset);
@@ -588,7 +581,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                 }
 
                 // Apply penalties
-                float nl_logit = logits[llama_token_nl()];
+                float nl_logit = logits[llama_token_nl(ctx)];
                 auto last_n_repeat = std::min(std::min((int)last_n_tokens.size(), repeat_last_n), n_ctx);
                 llama_sample_repetition_penalty(ctx, &candidates_p,
                     last_n_tokens.data() + last_n_tokens.size() - last_n_repeat,
@@ -597,7 +590,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                     last_n_tokens.data() + last_n_tokens.size() - last_n_repeat,
                     last_n_repeat, alpha_frequency, alpha_presence);
                 if (!penalize_nl) {
-                    logits[llama_token_nl()] = nl_logit;
+                    logits[llama_token_nl(ctx)] = nl_logit;
                 }
 
                 if (grammar != NULL) {
@@ -661,13 +654,13 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         // display text
         if (input_echo) {
             for (auto id : embd) {
-                printf("%s", llama_token_to_str(ctx, id));
+                printf("%s", llama_token_to_str(ctx, id).c_str());
             }
             fflush(stdout);
         }
         // reset color to default if we there is no pending user input
         if (input_echo && (int)embd_inp.size() == n_consumed) {
-            console_set_color(con_st, CONSOLE_COLOR_DEFAULT);
+            console::set_display(console::reset);
         }
 
         // if not currently processing queued inputs;
@@ -693,7 +686,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                     if (last_output.find(antiprompt.c_str(), search_start_pos) != std::string::npos) {
                         if (params.interactive) {
                             is_interacting = true;
-                            console_set_color(con_st, CONSOLE_COLOR_USER_INPUT);
+                            console::set_display(console::user_input);
                         }
                         is_antiprompt = true;
                         fflush(stdout);
@@ -703,7 +696,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
             }
 
             // deal with end of text token in interactive mode
-            if (last_n_tokens.back() == llama_token_eos()) {
+            if (last_n_tokens.back() == llama_token_eos(ctx)) {
                 if (params.interactive) {
                     if (params.antiprompt.size() != 0) {
                         // tokenize and inject first reverse prompt
@@ -714,7 +707,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
 
                     is_interacting = true;
                     printf("\n");
-                    console_set_color(con_st, CONSOLE_COLOR_USER_INPUT);
+                    console::set_display(console::user_input);
                     fflush(stdout);
                 } else if (params.instruct) {
                     is_interacting = true;
@@ -727,7 +720,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                 }
 
                 if (params.input_prefix_bos) {
-                    embd_inp.push_back(llama_token_bos());
+                    embd_inp.push_back(llama_token_bos(ctx));
                 }
 
                 std::string buffer;
@@ -739,12 +732,12 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                 std::string line;
                 bool another_line = true;
                 do {
-                    another_line = console_readline(con_st, line);
+                    another_line = console::readline(line, params.multiline_input);
                     buffer += line;
                 } while (another_line);
 
                 // done taking input, reset color
-                console_set_color(con_st, CONSOLE_COLOR_DEFAULT);
+                console::set_display(console::reset);
 
                 // Add tokens to embd only if the input buffer is non-empty
                 // Entering a empty line lets the user pass control back
@@ -781,8 +774,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                     if (grammar != NULL) {
                         llama_grammar_free(grammar);
 
-                        std::vector<const llama_grammar_element *> grammar_rules(
-                            parsed_grammar.c_rules());
+                        std::vector<const llama_grammar_element *> grammar_rules( parsed_grammar.c_rules());
                         grammar = llama_grammar_init(
                             grammar_rules.data(), grammar_rules.size(),
                             parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.at("root"));
@@ -793,7 +785,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         }
 
         // end of text token
-        if (!embd.empty() && embd.back() == llama_token_eos() && !(params.instruct || params.interactive)) {
+        if (!embd.empty() && embd.back() == llama_token_eos(ctx) && !(params.instruct || params.interactive)) {
             fprintf(stderr, " [end of text]\n");
             break;
         }

examples/metal/metal.cpp

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //
 // - First, export a LLaMA graph:
 //
-//  $ ./bin/main -m ../models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin --export
+//  $ ./bin/main -m ../models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf --export
 //
 // - Run this tool to evaluate the exported graph:
 //

examples/perplexity/perplexity.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <ctime>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <cstring>
 
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
 #pragma warning(disable: 4244 4267) // possible loss of data
@@ -26,7 +27,121 @@ std::vector<float> softmax(const std::vector<float>& logits) {
     return probs;
 }
 
+void perplexity_v2(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & params) {
+
+    // Download: https://s3.amazonaws.com/research.metamind.io/wikitext/wikitext-2-raw-v1.zip?ref=salesforce-research
+    // Run `./perplexity -m models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin -f wiki.test.raw`
+    // Output: `perplexity: 13.5106 [114/114]`
+    // BOS tokens will be added for each chunk before eval
+
+    if (params.ppl_stride <= 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: stride is %d but must be greater than zero!\n",__func__,params.ppl_stride);
+        return;
+    }
+    auto tokens = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, params.prompt, true);
+
+    const int calc_chunk = params.n_ctx;
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: have %zu tokens. Calculation chunk = %d\n", __func__, tokens.size(), calc_chunk);
+
+    if (int(tokens.size()) <= calc_chunk) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: there are only %zu tokens, this is not enough for a context size of %d and stride %d\n",__func__,
+                tokens.size(), params.n_ctx, params.ppl_stride);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const int n_chunk_max = (tokens.size() - calc_chunk + params.ppl_stride - 1)  / params.ppl_stride;
+
+    const int n_chunk = params.n_chunks < 0 ? n_chunk_max : std::min(params.n_chunks, n_chunk_max);
+    const int n_vocab = llama_n_vocab(ctx);
+    const int n_batch = params.n_batch;
+
+    int count = 0;
+    double nll = 0.0;
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: calculating perplexity over %d chunks, batch_size=%d\n", __func__, n_chunk, n_batch);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_chunk; ++i) {
+        const int start =     i * params.ppl_stride;
+        const int end   = start + calc_chunk;
+
+        const int num_batches = (calc_chunk + n_batch - 1) / n_batch;
+        //fprintf(stderr, "%s: evaluating %d...%d using %d batches\n", __func__, start, end, num_batches);
+
+        std::vector<float> logits;
+
+        const auto t_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+        for (int j = 0; j < num_batches; ++j) {
+            const int batch_start = start + j * n_batch;
+            const int batch_size  = std::min(end - batch_start, n_batch);
+
+            //fprintf(stderr, "    Batch %d: starts at %d, size is %d, n_past is %d\n",j,batch_start,batch_size,j * n_batch);
+            if (llama_eval(ctx, tokens.data() + batch_start, batch_size, j * n_batch, params.n_threads)) {
+                //fprintf(stderr, "%s : failed to eval\n", __func__);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // save original token and restore it after eval
+            const auto token_org = tokens[batch_start];
+
+            // add BOS token for the first batch of each chunk
+            if (j == 0) {
+                tokens[batch_start] = llama_token_bos(ctx);
+            }
+
+            const auto batch_logits = llama_get_logits(ctx);
+            logits.insert(logits.end(), batch_logits, batch_logits + batch_size * n_vocab);
+
+            if (j == 0) {
+                tokens[batch_start] = token_org;
+            }
+        }
+
+        const auto t_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+        if (i == 0) {
+            const float t_total = std::chrono::duration<float>(t_end - t_start).count();
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: %.2f seconds per pass - ETA ", __func__, t_total);
+            int total_seconds = (int)(t_total * n_chunk);
+            if (total_seconds >= 60*60) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%d hours ", total_seconds / (60*60));
+                total_seconds = total_seconds % (60*60);
+            }
+            fprintf(stderr, "%.2f minutes\n", total_seconds / 60.0);
+        }
+
+        //fprintf(stderr, "%s: using tokens %d...%d\n",__func__,params.n_ctx - params.ppl_stride + start, params.n_ctx + start);
+        for (int j = params.n_ctx - params.ppl_stride - 1; j < params.n_ctx - 1; ++j) {
+
+            // Calculate probability of next token, given the previous ones.
+            const std::vector<float> tok_logits(
+                logits.begin() + (j + 0) * n_vocab,
+                logits.begin() + (j + 1) * n_vocab);
+
+            const float prob = softmax(tok_logits)[tokens[start + j + 1]];
+
+            nll += -std::log(prob);
+            ++count;
+        }
+        // perplexity is e^(average negative log-likelihood)
+        if (params.ppl_output_type == 0) {
+            printf("[%d]%.4lf,", i + 1, std::exp(nll / count));
+        } else {
+            printf("%8d  %.4lf\n", i*params.ppl_stride, std::exp(nll / count));
+        }
+        fflush(stdout);
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+}
+
 void perplexity(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & params) {
+
+    if (params.ppl_stride > 0) {
+        perplexity_v2(ctx, params);
+        return;
+    }
+
     // Download: https://s3.amazonaws.com/research.metamind.io/wikitext/wikitext-2-raw-v1.zip?ref=salesforce-research
     // Run `./perplexity -m models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.bin -f wiki.test.raw`
     // Output: `perplexity: 13.5106 [114/114]`
@@ -63,7 +178,7 @@ void perplexity(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & params) {
 
             // add BOS token for the first batch of each chunk
             if (j == 0) {
-                tokens[batch_start] = llama_token_bos();
+                tokens[batch_start] = llama_token_bos(ctx);
             }
 
             if (llama_eval(ctx, tokens.data() + batch_start, batch_size, j * n_batch, params.n_threads)) {
@@ -88,7 +203,7 @@ void perplexity(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & params) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "%d hours ", total_seconds / (60*60));
                 total_seconds = total_seconds % (60*60);
             }
-            fprintf(stderr, "%d minutes\n", total_seconds / 60);
+            fprintf(stderr, "%.2f minutes\n", total_seconds / 60.0);
         }
 
         // We get the logits for all the tokens in the context window (params.n_ctx)
@@ -115,12 +230,37 @@ void perplexity(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & params) {
             ++count;
         }
         // perplexity is e^(average negative log-likelihood)
-        printf("[%d]%.4lf,", i + 1, std::exp(nll / count));
+        if (params.ppl_output_type == 0) {
+            printf("[%d]%.4lf,", i + 1, std::exp(nll / count));
+        } else {
+            printf("%8d  %.4lf\n", i*params.n_ctx, std::exp(nll / count));
+        }
         fflush(stdout);
     }
     printf("\n");
 }
 
+std::vector<float> hellaswag_evaluate_tokens(llama_context * ctx, const std::vector<int>& tokens, int n_past, int n_batch,
+        int n_vocab, int n_thread) {
+    std::vector<float> result;
+    result.reserve(tokens.size() * n_vocab);
+    size_t n_chunk = (tokens.size() + n_batch - 1)/n_batch;
+    for (size_t i_chunk = 0; i_chunk < n_chunk; ++i_chunk) {
+        size_t n_tokens = tokens.size() - i_chunk * n_batch;
+        n_tokens = std::min(n_tokens, size_t(n_batch));
+        if (llama_eval(ctx, tokens.data() + i_chunk * n_batch, n_tokens, n_past, n_thread)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s : failed to eval\n", __func__);
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        const auto logits = llama_get_logits(ctx);
+        result.insert(result.end(), logits, logits + n_tokens * n_vocab);
+
+        n_past += n_tokens;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
 void hellaswag_score(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & params) {
     // Calculates hellaswag score (acc_norm) from prompt
     //
@@ -153,7 +293,7 @@ void hellaswag_score(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & params) {
     }
 
     size_t hs_task_count = prompt_lines.size()/6;
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s : loaded %lu tasks from prompt.\n", __func__, hs_task_count);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s : loaded %zu tasks from prompt.\n", __func__, hs_task_count);
 
     // This is needed as usual for LLaMA models
     bool prepend_bos = true;
@@ -178,7 +318,7 @@ void hellaswag_score(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & params) {
         double ending_logprob[4];
     };
 
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s : selecting %lu %s tasks.\n", __func__, hs_task_count, (randomize_tasks?"randomized":"the first")  );
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s : selecting %zu %s tasks.\n", __func__, hs_task_count, (randomize_tasks?"randomized":"the first")  );
 
     // Select and read data from prompt lines
     hs_data_t *hs_data = new hs_data_t[hs_task_count];
@@ -209,50 +349,93 @@ void hellaswag_score(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & params) {
     double acc = 0.0f;
     const int n_vocab = llama_n_vocab(ctx);
 
+    std::vector<float> tok_logits(n_vocab);
+
     for (size_t task_idx = 0; task_idx < hs_task_count; task_idx++) {
 
         // Tokenize the context to count tokens
         std::vector<int> context_embd = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, hs_data[task_idx].context, prepend_bos);
         size_t context_size = context_embd.size();
 
-        for (size_t ending_idx=0;ending_idx<4;ending_idx++) {
+        // Do the 1st ending
+        // In this case we include the context when evaluating
+        auto query_embd = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, hs_data[task_idx].context + hs_data[task_idx].ending[0], prepend_bos);
+        auto query_size = query_embd.size();
+        //printf("First query: %d\n",(int)query_size);
+
+        // Stop if query wont fit the ctx window
+        if (query_size > (size_t)params.n_ctx) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s : number of tokens in query %zu > n_ctxl\n", __func__, query_size);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Speedup small evaluations by evaluating atleast 32 tokens
+        if (query_size < 32) {
+            query_embd.resize(32);
+        }
+
+        auto logits = hellaswag_evaluate_tokens(ctx, query_embd, 0, params.n_batch, n_vocab, params.n_threads);
+        if (logits.empty()) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s : failed to eval\n", __func__);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        std::memcpy(tok_logits.data(), logits.data() + (context_size-1)*n_vocab, n_vocab*sizeof(float));
+        const auto first_probs = softmax(tok_logits);
+
+        hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob_count[0] = 1;
+        hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob[0] = std::log(first_probs[query_embd[context_size]]);
+
+        // Calculate the logprobs over the ending
+        for (size_t j = context_size; j < query_size - 1; j++) {
+
+            std::memcpy(tok_logits.data(), logits.data() + j*n_vocab, n_vocab*sizeof(float));
+
+            const float prob = softmax(tok_logits)[query_embd[j + 1]];
+
+            hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob[0] += std::log(prob);
+            hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob_count[0]++;
+        }
+
+        // Calculate the mean token logprob for acc_norm
+        hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob[0] /= hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob_count[0];
+
+        // Do the remaining endings
+        // For these, we use the bare ending with n_past = context_size
+        //
+        for (size_t ending_idx = 1; ending_idx < 4; ending_idx++) {
 
             // Tokenize the query
-            std::vector<int> query_embd = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, hs_data[task_idx].context + hs_data[task_idx].ending[ending_idx], prepend_bos);
-            size_t query_size = query_embd.size();
+            query_embd = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, hs_data[task_idx].ending[ending_idx], false);
+            query_size = query_embd.size();
 
             // Stop if query wont fit the ctx window
-            if (query_size > (size_t)params.n_ctx) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "%s : number of tokens in query %lu > n_ctxl\n", __func__, query_size);
+            if (context_size + query_size > (size_t)params.n_ctx) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s : number of tokens in query %zu > n_ctxl\n", __func__, query_size);
                 return;
             }
 
             // Speedup small evaluations by evaluating atleast 32 tokens
-            if (query_size < 32) {
-                query_embd.resize(32);
-            }
+            // No, resizing to 32 is actually slightly slower (at least on CUDA)
+            //if (query_size < 32) {
+            //    query_embd.resize(32);
+            //}
 
             // Evaluate the query
-            if (llama_eval(ctx, query_embd.data(), query_embd.size(), 0, params.n_threads)) {
+            logits = hellaswag_evaluate_tokens(ctx, query_embd, context_size, params.n_batch, n_vocab, params.n_threads);
+            if (logits.empty()) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "%s : failed to eval\n", __func__);
                 return;
             }
 
-            const auto query_logits = llama_get_logits(ctx);
-            std::vector<float> logits;
-            logits.insert(logits.end(), query_logits, query_logits + query_size * n_vocab);
-
-            hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob_count[ending_idx] = 0;
-            hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob[ending_idx] = 0.0f;
+            hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob_count[ending_idx] = 1;
+            hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob[ending_idx] = std::log(first_probs[query_embd[0]]);
 
             // Calculate the logprobs over the ending
-            for (size_t j = context_size-1; j < query_size - 1; j++) {
-                // Calculate probability of next token, given the previous ones.
-                const std::vector<float> tok_logits(
-                    logits.begin() + (j + 0) * n_vocab,
-                    logits.begin() + (j + 1) * n_vocab);
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < query_size - 1; j++) {
+                std::memcpy(tok_logits.data(), logits.data() + j*n_vocab, n_vocab*sizeof(float));
 
-                const float prob = softmax(tok_logits)[query_embd[ j + 1]];
+                const float prob = softmax(tok_logits)[query_embd[j + 1]];
 
                 hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob[ending_idx] += std::log(prob);
                 hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob_count[ending_idx]++;
@@ -267,9 +450,9 @@ void hellaswag_score(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & params) {
         }
 
         // Find the ending with maximum logprob
-        size_t ending_logprob_max_idx = -1;
-        double ending_logprob_max_val = -INFINITY;
-        for (size_t j=0; j < 4; j++) {
+        size_t ending_logprob_max_idx = 0;
+        double ending_logprob_max_val = hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob[0];
+        for (size_t j = 1; j < 4; j++) {
             if (hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob[j] > ending_logprob_max_val) {
                 ending_logprob_max_idx = j;
                 ending_logprob_max_val =  hs_data[task_idx].ending_logprob[j];
@@ -284,7 +467,7 @@ void hellaswag_score(llama_context * ctx, const gpt_params & params) {
         }
 
         // Print the accumulated accuracy mean x 100
-        printf("%li\t%.8lf\n",task_idx+1, acc/double(task_idx+1)*100.0);
+        printf("%zu\t%.8lf\n",task_idx+1, acc/double(task_idx+1)*100.0);
         fflush(stdout);
     }
 
@@ -304,6 +487,12 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     params.perplexity = true;
     params.n_batch = std::min(params.n_batch, params.n_ctx);
 
+    if (params.ppl_stride > 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Will perform strided perplexity calculation -> adjusting context size from %d to %d\n",
+                params.n_ctx, params.n_ctx + params.ppl_stride/2);
+        params.n_ctx += params.ppl_stride/2;
+    }
+
     if (params.n_ctx > 2048) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning: model might not support context sizes greater than 2048 tokens (%d specified);"
                 "expect poor results\n", __func__, params.n_ctx);

examples/quantize-stats/quantize-stats.cpp

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #endif
 
 struct quantize_stats_params {
-    std::string model = "models/7B/ggml-model-f16.bin";
+    std::string model = "models/7B/ggml-model-f16.gguf";
     bool verbose = false;
     bool per_layer_stats = false;
     bool print_histogram = false;

examples/quantize/quantize.cpp

@@ -14,25 +14,25 @@ struct quant_option {
 };
 
 static const std::vector<struct quant_option> QUANT_OPTIONS = {
-    { "Q4_0",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_0,   " 3.50G, +0.2499 ppl @ 7B", },
-    { "Q4_1",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_1,   " 3.90G, +0.1846 ppl @ 7B", },
-    { "Q5_0",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_0,   " 4.30G, +0.0796 ppl @ 7B", },
-    { "Q5_1",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_1,   " 4.70G, +0.0415 ppl @ 7B", },
+    { "Q4_0",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_0,   " 3.56G, +0.2166 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
+    { "Q4_1",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_1,   " 3.90G, +0.1585 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
+    { "Q5_0",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_0,   " 4.33G, +0.0683 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
+    { "Q5_1",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_1,   " 4.70G, +0.0349 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
 #ifdef GGML_USE_K_QUANTS
-    { "Q2_K",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q2_K,   " 2.67G, +0.8698 ppl @ 7B", },
+    { "Q2_K",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q2_K,   " 2.63G, +0.6717 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
     { "Q3_K",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_M, "alias for Q3_K_M" },
-    { "Q3_K_S", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_S, " 2.75G, +0.5505 ppl @ 7B", },
-    { "Q3_K_M", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_M, " 3.06G, +0.2437 ppl @ 7B", },
-    { "Q3_K_L", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_L, " 3.35G, +0.1803 ppl @ 7B", },
+    { "Q3_K_S", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_S, " 2.75G, +0.5551 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
+    { "Q3_K_M", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_M, " 3.07G, +0.2496 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
+    { "Q3_K_L", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_L, " 3.35G, +0.1764 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
     { "Q4_K",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_K_M, "alias for Q4_K_M", },
-    { "Q4_K_S", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_K_S, " 3.56G, +0.1149 ppl @ 7B", },
-    { "Q4_K_M", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_K_M, " 3.80G, +0.0535 ppl @ 7B", },
+    { "Q4_K_S", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_K_S, " 3.59G, +0.0992 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
+    { "Q4_K_M", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_K_M, " 3.80G, +0.0532 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
     { "Q5_K",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_K_M, "alias for Q5_K_M", },
-    { "Q5_K_S", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_K_S, " 4.33G, +0.0353 ppl @ 7B", },
-    { "Q5_K_M", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_K_M, " 4.45G, +0.0142 ppl @ 7B", },
-    { "Q6_K",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q6_K,   " 5.15G, +0.0044 ppl @ 7B", },
+    { "Q5_K_S", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_K_S, " 4.33G, +0.0400 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
+    { "Q5_K_M", LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_K_M, " 4.45G, +0.0122 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
+    { "Q6_K",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q6_K,   " 5.15G, -0.0008 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
 #endif
-    { "Q8_0",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q8_0,   " 6.70G, +0.0004 ppl @ 7B", },
+    { "Q8_0",   LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q8_0,   " 6.70G, +0.0004 ppl @ LLaMA-v1-7B", },
     { "F16",    LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_F16,    "13.00G              @ 7B", },
     { "F32",    LLAMA_FTYPE_ALL_F32,       "26.00G              @ 7B", },
 };
@@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ bool try_parse_ftype(const std::string & ftype_str_in, llama_ftype & ftype, std:
 }
 
 // usage:
-//  ./quantize [--allow-requantize] [--leave-output-tensor] models/llama/ggml-model.bin [models/llama/ggml-model-quant.bin] type [nthreads]
+//  ./quantize [--allow-requantize] [--leave-output-tensor] models/llama/ggml-model.gguf [models/llama/ggml-model-quant.gguf] type [nthreads]
 //
 void usage(const char * executable) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s [--help] [--allow-requantize] [--leave-output-tensor] model-f32.bin [model-quant.bin] type [nthreads]\n\n", executable);
+    fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s [--help] [--allow-requantize] [--leave-output-tensor] model-f32.gguf [model-quant.gguf] type [nthreads]\n\n", executable);
     fprintf(stderr, "  --allow-requantize: Allows requantizing tensors that have already been quantized. Warning: This can severely reduce quality compared to quantizing from 16bit or 32bit\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "  --leave-output-tensor: Will leave output.weight un(re)quantized. Increases model size but may also increase quality, especially when requantizing\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "\nAllowed quantization types:\n");
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         if (pos != std::string::npos) {
             fpath = fname_inp.substr(0, pos + 1);
         }
-        // export as [inp path]/ggml-model-[ftype].bin
-        fname_out = fpath + "ggml-model-" + ftype_str + ".bin";
+        // export as [inp path]/ggml-model-[ftype].gguf
+        fname_out = fpath + "ggml-model-" + ftype_str + ".gguf";
         arg_idx++;
     }
     else {

examples/save-load-state/save-load-state.cpp

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     auto lparams = llama_context_default_params();
 
     lparams.n_ctx     = params.n_ctx;
-    lparams.n_gqa     = params.n_gqa;
     lparams.seed      = params.seed;
     lparams.f16_kv    = params.memory_f16;
     lparams.use_mmap  = params.use_mmap;
@@ -45,9 +44,8 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         llama_free_model(model);
         return 1;
     }
-    auto tokens = std::vector<llama_token>(params.n_ctx);
-    auto n_prompt_tokens = llama_tokenize(ctx, params.prompt.c_str(), tokens.data(), int(tokens.size()), true);
-
+    auto tokens = llama_tokenize(ctx, params.prompt.c_str(), true);
+    auto n_prompt_tokens = tokens.size();
     if (n_prompt_tokens < 1) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s : failed to tokenize prompt\n", __func__);
         llama_free(ctx);
@@ -92,7 +90,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         auto next_token_str = llama_token_to_str(ctx, next_token);
         last_n_tokens_data.push_back(next_token);
 
-        printf("%s", next_token_str);
+        printf("%s", next_token_str.c_str());
         if (llama_eval(ctx, &next_token, 1, n_past, params.n_threads)) {
             fprintf(stderr, "\n%s : failed to evaluate\n", __func__);
             llama_free(ctx);
@@ -152,7 +150,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         auto next_token_str = llama_token_to_str(ctx2, next_token);
         last_n_tokens_data.push_back(next_token);
 
-        printf("%s", next_token_str);
+        printf("%s", next_token_str.c_str());
         if (llama_eval(ctx2, &next_token, 1, n_past, params.n_threads)) {
             fprintf(stderr, "\n%s : failed to evaluate\n", __func__);
             llama_free(ctx2);

examples/server/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ This example demonstrates a simple HTTP API server and a simple web front end to
 Command line options:
 
 -   `--threads N`, `-t N`: Set the number of threads to use during computation.
--   `-m FNAME`, `--model FNAME`: Specify the path to the LLaMA model file (e.g., `models/7B/ggml-model.bin`).
+-   `-m FNAME`, `--model FNAME`: Specify the path to the LLaMA model file (e.g., `models/7B/ggml-model.gguf`).
 -   `-m ALIAS`, `--alias ALIAS`: Set an alias for the model. The alias will be returned in API responses.
 -   `-c N`, `--ctx-size N`: Set the size of the prompt context. The default is 512, but LLaMA models were built with a context of 2048, which will provide better results for longer input/inference. The size may differ in other models, for example, baichuan models were build with a context of 4096.
 -   `-ngl N`, `--n-gpu-layers N`: When compiled with appropriate support (currently CLBlast or cuBLAS), this option allows offloading some layers to the GPU for computation. Generally results in increased performance.
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ Command line options:
 -   `--memory-f32`: Use 32-bit floats instead of 16-bit floats for memory key+value. Not recommended.
 -   `--mlock`: Lock the model in memory, preventing it from being swapped out when memory-mapped.
 -   `--no-mmap`: Do not memory-map the model. By default, models are mapped into memory, which allows the system to load only the necessary parts of the model as needed.
+-   `--numa`: Attempt optimizations that help on some NUMA systems.
 -   `--lora FNAME`: Apply a LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation) adapter to the model (implies --no-mmap). This allows you to adapt the pretrained model to specific tasks or domains.
 -   `--lora-base FNAME`: Optional model to use as a base for the layers modified by the LoRA adapter. This flag is used in conjunction with the `--lora` flag, and specifies the base model for the adaptation.
 -   `-to N`, `--timeout N`: Server read/write timeout in seconds. Default `600`.
@@ -47,15 +48,14 @@ To get started right away, run the following command, making sure to use the cor
 ### Unix-based systems (Linux, macOS, etc.):
 
 ```bash
-./server -m models/7B/ggml-model.bin -c 2048
+./server -m models/7B/ggml-model.gguf -c 2048
 ```
 
 ### Windows:
 
 ```powershell
-server.exe -m models\7B\ggml-model.bin -c 2048
+server.exe -m models\7B\ggml-model.gguf -c 2048
 ```
-
 The above command will start a server that by default listens on `127.0.0.1:8080`.
 You can consume the endpoints with Postman or NodeJS with axios library. You can visit the web front end at the same url.
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ node .
 
     `stream`: It allows receiving each predicted token in real-time instead of waiting for the completion to finish. To enable this, set to `true`.
 
-    `prompt`: Provide a prompt. Internally, the prompt is compared, and it detects if a part has already been evaluated, and the remaining part will be evaluate. A space is inserted in the front like main.cpp does.
+    `prompt`: Provide a prompt as a string, or as an array of strings and numbers representing tokens. Internally, the prompt is compared, and it detects if a part has already been evaluated, and the remaining part will be evaluate. If the prompt is a string, or an array with the first element given as a string, a space is inserted in the front like main.cpp does.
 
     `stop`: Specify a JSON array of stopping strings.
     These words will not be included in the completion, so make sure to add them to the prompt for the next iteration (default: []).
@@ -151,6 +151,8 @@ node .
 
     `mirostat_eta`: Set the Mirostat learning rate, parameter eta (default: 0.1).
 
+    `grammar`: Set grammar for grammar-based sampling (default: no grammar)
+
     `seed`: Set the random number generator (RNG) seed (default: -1, -1 = random seed).
 
     `ignore_eos`: Ignore end of stream token and continue generating (default: false).
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ node .
 
     `content`: Set the text to tokenize.
 
-    Note that the special `BOS` token is not added in fron of the text and also a space character is not inserted automatically as it is for `/completion`.
+    Note that the special `BOS` token is not added in front of the text and also a space character is not inserted automatically as it is for `/completion`.
 
 -   **POST** `/embedding`: Generate embedding of a given text just as [the embedding example](../embedding) does.
 

examples/server/chat.mjs

@@ -1,5 +1,34 @@
 import * as readline from 'node:readline'
 import { stdin, stdout } from 'node:process'
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { SchemaConverter }  from './public/json-schema-to-grammar.mjs'
+
+const args = process.argv.slice(2);
+const grammarJsonSchemaFile = args.find(
+    (_, index) => args[index - 1] === "--grammar-json-schema"
+);
+const grammarFile = args.find((_, index) => args[index - 1] === "--grammar");
+
+// Example usage: function,arguments
+const grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder = args.find(
+    (_, index) => args[index - 1] === "--grammar-json-schema-prop-order"
+);
+const propOrder = grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder
+    ? grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder
+          .split(",")
+          .reduce((acc, cur, index) => ({ ...acc, [cur]: index }), {})
+    : {};
+
+let grammar = null
+if (grammarJsonSchemaFile) {
+    const schema = JSON.parse(readFileSync(grammarJsonSchemaFile, 'utf-8'))
+    const converter = new SchemaConverter(propOrder)
+    converter.visit(schema, '')
+    grammar = converter.formatGrammar()
+}
+if (grammarFile) {
+    grammar = readFileSync(grammarFile, 'utf-8')
+}
 
 const API_URL = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'
 
@@ -48,6 +77,7 @@ async function chat_completion(question) {
             n_keep: n_keep,
             n_predict: 256,
             stop: ["\n### Human:"], // stop completion after generating this
+            grammar,
             stream: true,
         })
     })

examples/server/completion.js.hpp

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 };
-unsigned int completion_js_len = 4462;
+unsigned int completion_js_len = 5099;

examples/server/deps.sh

@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ echo >> $PUBLIC/index.js # add newline
 
 FILES=$(ls $PUBLIC)
 
+cd $PUBLIC
 for FILE in $FILES; do
-  func=$(echo $FILE | tr '.' '_')
-  echo "generate $FILE.hpp ($func)"
-  xxd -n $func -i $PUBLIC/$FILE > $DIR/$FILE.hpp
+  echo "generate $FILE.hpp"
+
+  # use simple flag for old version of xxd
+  xxd -i $FILE > $DIR/$FILE.hpp
 done

examples/server/json-schema-to-grammar.mjs.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+unsigned char json_schema_to_grammar_mjs[] = {
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+  0x28, 0x28, 0x72, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x65,
+  0x29, 0x20, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x20, 0x7b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,
+  0x20, 0x67, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x20, 0x2b, 0x3d, 0x20,
+  0x60, 0x24, 0x7b, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x7d, 0x20, 0x3a, 0x3a, 0x3d,
+  0x20, 0x24, 0x7b, 0x72, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x7d, 0x5c, 0x6e, 0x60, 0x3b,
+  0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x7d, 0x29, 0x3b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,
+  0x20, 0x72, 0x65, 0x74, 0x75, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x67, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6d,
+  0x6d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x3b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x7d, 0x0a, 0x7d, 0x0a
+};
+unsigned int json_schema_to_grammar_mjs_len = 3695;

examples/server/public/completion.js

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ export async function* llama(prompt, params = {}, config = {}) {
   const decoder = new TextDecoder();
 
   let content = "";
+  let leftover = ""; // Buffer for partially read lines
 
   try {
     let cont = true;
@@ -53,29 +54,47 @@ export async function* llama(prompt, params = {}, config = {}) {
         break;
       }
 
-      // sse answers in the form multiple lines of: value\n with data always present as a key. in our case we
-      // mainly care about the data: key here, which we expect as json
-      const text = decoder.decode(result.value);
+      // Add any leftover data to the current chunk of data
+      const text = leftover + decoder.decode(result.value);
 
-      // parse all sse events and add them to result
-      const regex = /^(\S+):\s(.*)$/gm;
-      for (const match of text.matchAll(regex)) {
-        result[match[1]] = match[2]
+      // Check if the last character is a line break
+      const endsWithLineBreak = text.endsWith('\n');
+
+      // Split the text into lines
+      let lines = text.split('\n');
+
+      // If the text doesn't end with a line break, then the last line is incomplete
+      // Store it in leftover to be added to the next chunk of data
+      if (!endsWithLineBreak) {
+        leftover = lines.pop();
+      } else {
+        leftover = ""; // Reset leftover if we have a line break at the end
       }
 
-      // since we know this is llama.cpp, let's just decode the json in data
-      result.data = JSON.parse(result.data);
-      content += result.data.content;
+      // Parse all sse events and add them to result
+      const regex = /^(\S+):\s(.*)$/gm;
+      for (const line of lines) {
+        const match = regex.exec(line);
+        if (match) {
+          result[match[1]] = match[2]
+          // since we know this is llama.cpp, let's just decode the json in data
+          if (result.data) {
+            result.data = JSON.parse(result.data);
+            content += result.data.content;
 
-      // yield
-      yield result;
+            // yield
+            yield result;
 
-      // if we got a stop token from server, we will break here
-      if (result.data.stop) {
-        if (result.data.generation_settings) {
-          generation_settings = result.data.generation_settings;
+            // if we got a stop token from server, we will break here
+            if (result.data.stop) {
+              if (result.data.generation_settings) {
+                generation_settings = result.data.generation_settings;
+              }
+              cont = false;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
         }
-        break;
       }
     }
   } catch (e) {

examples/server/public/index.html

@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
 <head>
   <meta charset="UTF-8">
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1" />
+  <meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark">
   <title>llama.cpp - chat</title>
 
   <style>
     body {
-      background-color: #fff;
-      color: #000;
       font-family: system-ui;
       font-size: 90%;
     }
@@ -142,14 +141,15 @@
     } from '/index.js';
 
     import { llama } from '/completion.js';
+    import { SchemaConverter } from '/json-schema-to-grammar.mjs';
 
     const session = signal({
-      prompt: "This is a conversation between user and llama, a friendly chatbot. respond in simple markdown.",
+      prompt: "This is a conversation between User and Llama, a friendly chatbot. Llama is helpful, kind, honest, good at writing, and never fails to answer any requests immediately and with precision.",
       template: "{{prompt}}\n\n{{history}}\n{{char}}:",
       historyTemplate: "{{name}}: {{message}}",
       transcript: [],
       type: "chat",
-      char: "llama",
+      char: "Llama",
       user: "User",
     })
 
@@ -167,8 +167,139 @@
       mirostat: 0, // 0/1/2
       mirostat_tau: 5, // target entropy
       mirostat_eta: 0.1, // learning rate
+      grammar: '',
     })
 
+    /* START: Support for storing prompt templates and parameters in borwser LocalStorage */
+
+    const local_storage_storageKey = "llamacpp_server_local_storage";
+
+    function local_storage_setDataFromObject(tag, content) {
+      localStorage.setItem(local_storage_storageKey + '/' + tag, JSON.stringify(content));
+    }
+
+    function local_storage_setDataFromRawText(tag, content) {
+      localStorage.setItem(local_storage_storageKey + '/' + tag, content);
+    }
+
+    function local_storage_getDataAsObject(tag) {
+      const item = localStorage.getItem(local_storage_storageKey + '/' + tag);
+      if (!item) {
+        return null;
+      } else {
+        return JSON.parse(item);
+      }
+    }
+
+    function local_storage_getDataAsRawText(tag) {
+      const item = localStorage.getItem(local_storage_storageKey + '/' + tag);
+      if (!item) {
+        return null;
+      } else {
+        return item;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // create a container for user templates and settings
+
+    const savedUserTemplates = signal({})
+    const selectedUserTemplate = signal({ name: '', template: { session: {}, params: {} } })
+
+    // let's import locally saved templates and settings if there are any
+    // user templates and settings are stored in one object
+    // in form of { "templatename": "templatedata" } and { "settingstemplatename":"settingsdata" }
+
+    console.log('Importing saved templates')
+
+    let importedTemplates = local_storage_getDataAsObject('user_templates')
+
+    if (importedTemplates) {
+      // saved templates were successfuly imported.
+
+      console.log('Processing saved templates and updating default template')
+
+      //console.log(importedTemplates);
+      savedUserTemplates.value = importedTemplates;
+
+      //override default template
+      savedUserTemplates.value.default = { session: session.value, params: params.value }
+      local_storage_setDataFromObject('user_templates', savedUserTemplates.value)
+    } else {
+      // no saved templates detected.
+
+      console.log('Initializing LocalStorage and saving default template')
+
+      savedUserTemplates.value = { "default": { session: session.value, params: params.value } }
+      local_storage_setDataFromObject('user_templates', savedUserTemplates.value)
+    }
+
+    function userTemplateResetToDefault() {
+      console.log('Reseting themplate to default')
+      selectedUserTemplate.value.name = 'default';
+      selectedUserTemplate.value.data = savedUserTemplates.value['default'];
+    }
+
+    function userTemplateApply(t) {
+      session.value = t.data.session;
+      params.value = t.data.params;
+    }
+
+    function userTemplateResetToDefaultAndApply() {
+      userTemplateResetToDefault()
+      userTemplateApply(selectedUserTemplate.value)
+    }
+
+    function userTemplateLoadAndApplyAutosaved() {
+      // get autosaved last used template
+      let lastUsedTemplate = local_storage_getDataAsObject('user_templates_last')
+
+      if (lastUsedTemplate) {
+
+        console.log('Autosaved template found, restoring')
+
+        selectedUserTemplate.value = lastUsedTemplate
+      }
+      else {
+
+        console.log('No autosaved template found, using default template')
+        // no autosaved last used template was found, so load from default.
+
+        userTemplateResetToDefault()
+      }
+
+      console.log('Applying template')
+      // and update internal data from templates
+
+      userTemplateApply(selectedUserTemplate.value)
+    }
+
+    //console.log(savedUserTemplates.value)
+    //console.log(selectedUserTemplate.value)
+
+    function userTemplateAutosave() {
+      console.log('Template Autosave...')
+      if (selectedUserTemplate.value.name == 'default') {
+        // we don't want to save over default template, so let's create a new one
+        let newTemplateName = 'UserTemplate-' + Date.now().toString()
+        let newTemplate = { 'name': newTemplateName, 'data': { 'session': session.value, 'params': params.value } }
+
+        console.log('Saving as ' + newTemplateName)
+
+        // save in the autosave slot
+        local_storage_setDataFromObject('user_templates_last', newTemplate)
+
+        // and load it back and apply
+        userTemplateLoadAndApplyAutosaved()
+      } else {
+        local_storage_setDataFromObject('user_templates_last', { 'name': selectedUserTemplate.value.name, 'data': { 'session': session.value, 'params': params.value } })
+      }
+    }
+
+    console.log('Checking for autosaved last used template')
+    userTemplateLoadAndApplyAutosaved()
+
+    /* END: Support for storing prompt templates and parameters in browsers LocalStorage */
+
     const llamaStats = signal(null)
     const controller = signal(null)
 
@@ -283,8 +414,9 @@
 
       useEffect(() => {
         // scroll to bottom (if needed)
-        if (container.current && container.current.scrollHeight <= container.current.scrollTop + container.current.offsetHeight + 300) {
-          container.current.scrollTo(0, container.current.scrollHeight)
+        const parent = container.current.parentElement;
+        if (parent && parent.scrollHeight <= parent.scrollTop + parent.offsetHeight + 300) {
+          parent.scrollTo(0, parent.scrollHeight)
         }
       }, [messages])
 
@@ -304,6 +436,26 @@
       const updateParamsFloat = (el) => params.value = { ...params.value, [el.target.name]: parseFloat(el.target.value) }
       const updateParamsInt = (el) => params.value = { ...params.value, [el.target.name]: Math.floor(parseFloat(el.target.value)) }
 
+      const grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder = signal('')
+      const updateGrammarJsonSchemaPropOrder = (el) => grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder.value = el.target.value
+      const convertJSONSchemaGrammar = () => {
+        try {
+          const schema = JSON.parse(params.value.grammar)
+          const converter = new SchemaConverter(
+            grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder.value
+              .split(',')
+              .reduce((acc, cur, i) => ({...acc, [cur.trim()]: i}), {})
+          )
+          converter.visit(schema, '')
+          params.value = {
+            ...params.value,
+            grammar: converter.formatGrammar(),
+          }
+        } catch (e) {
+          alert(`Convert failed: ${e.message}`)
+        }
+      }
+
       const FloatField = ({label, max, min, name, step, value}) => {
         return html`
           <div>
@@ -324,8 +476,34 @@
         `
       };
 
+      const userTemplateReset = (e) => {
+        e.preventDefault();
+        userTemplateResetToDefaultAndApply()
+      }
+
+      const UserTemplateResetButton = () => {
+        if (selectedUserTemplate.value.name == 'default') {
+          return html`
+            <button disabled>Using default template</button>
+          `
+        }
+
+        return html`
+          <button onclick=${userTemplateReset}>Reset all to default</button>
+        `
+      };
+
+      useEffect(() => {
+        // autosave template on every change
+        userTemplateAutosave()
+      }, [session.value, params.value])
+
       return html`
         <form>
+          <fieldset>
+            <${UserTemplateResetButton}/>
+          </fieldset>
+
           <fieldset>
             <div>
               <label for="prompt">Prompt</label>
@@ -355,6 +533,13 @@
               <label for="template">Chat history template</label>
               <textarea id="template" name="historyTemplate" value="${session.value.historyTemplate}" rows=1 oninput=${updateSession}/>
             </div>
+
+            <div>
+              <label for="template">Grammar</label>
+              <textarea id="grammar" name="grammar" placeholder="Use gbnf or JSON Schema+convert" value="${params.value.grammar}" rows=4 oninput=${updateParams}/>
+              <input type="text" name="prop-order" placeholder="order: prop1,prop2,prop3" oninput=${updateGrammarJsonSchemaPropOrder} />
+              <button type="button" onclick=${convertJSONSchemaGrammar}>Convert JSON Schema</button>
+            </div>
           </fieldset>
 
           <fieldset class="two">

examples/server/public/json-schema-to-grammar.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+const SPACE_RULE = '" "?';
+
+const PRIMITIVE_RULES = {
+  boolean: '("true" | "false") space',
+  number: '("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space',
+  integer: '("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) space',
+  string: ` "\\"" (
+        [^"\\\\] |
+        "\\\\" (["\\\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+      )* "\\"" space`,
+  null: '"null" space',
+};
+
+const INVALID_RULE_CHARS_RE = /[^\dA-Za-z-]+/g;
+const GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE = /[\n\r"]/g;
+const GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES = {'\r': '\\r', '\n': '\\n', '"': '\\"'};
+
+export class SchemaConverter {
+  constructor(propOrder) {
+    this._propOrder = propOrder || {};
+    this._rules = new Map();
+    this._rules.set('space', SPACE_RULE);
+  }
+
+  _formatLiteral(literal) {
+    const escaped = JSON.stringify(literal).replace(
+      GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE,
+      m => GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES[m]
+    );
+    return `"${escaped}"`;
+  }
+
+  _addRule(name, rule) {
+    let escName = name.replace(INVALID_RULE_CHARS_RE, '-');
+    let key = escName;
+
+    if (this._rules.has(escName)) {
+      if (this._rules.get(escName) === rule) {
+        return key;
+      }
+
+      let i = 0;
+      while (this._rules.has(`${escName}${i}`)) {
+        i += 1;
+      }
+      key = `${escName}${i}`;
+    }
+
+    this._rules.set(key, rule);
+    return key;
+  }
+
+  visit(schema, name) {
+    const schemaType = schema.type;
+    const ruleName = name || 'root';
+
+    if (schema.oneOf || schema.anyOf) {
+      const rule = (schema.oneOf || schema.anyOf).map((altSchema, i) =>
+        this.visit(altSchema, `${name}${name ? "-" : ""}${i}`)
+      ).join(' | ');
+
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+    } else if ('const' in schema) {
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, this._formatLiteral(schema.const));
+    } else if ('enum' in schema) {
+      const rule = schema.enum.map(v => this._formatLiteral(v)).join(' | ');
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+    } else if (schemaType === 'object' && 'properties' in schema) {
+      // TODO: `required` keyword (from python implementation)
+      const propOrder = this._propOrder;
+      const propPairs = Object.entries(schema.properties).sort((a, b) => {
+        // sort by position in prop_order (if specified) then by key
+        const orderA = typeof propOrder[a[0]] === 'number' ? propOrder[a[0]] : Infinity;
+        const orderB = typeof propOrder[b[0]] === 'number' ? propOrder[b[0]] : Infinity;
+        return orderA - orderB || a[0].localeCompare(b[0]);
+      });
+
+      let rule = '"{" space';
+      propPairs.forEach(([propName, propSchema], i) => {
+        const propRuleName = this.visit(propSchema, `${name}${name ? "-" : ""}${propName}`);
+        if (i > 0) {
+          rule += ' "," space';
+        }
+        rule += ` ${this._formatLiteral(propName)} space ":" space ${propRuleName}`;
+      });
+      rule += ' "}" space';
+
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+    } else if (schemaType === 'array' && 'items' in schema) {
+      // TODO `prefixItems` keyword (from python implementation)
+      const itemRuleName = this.visit(schema.items, `${name}${name ? "-" : ""}item`);
+      const rule = `"[" space (${itemRuleName} ("," space ${itemRuleName})*)? "]" space`;
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+    } else {
+      if (!PRIMITIVE_RULES[schemaType]) {
+        throw new Error(`Unrecognized schema: ${JSON.stringify(schema)}`);
+      }
+      return this._addRule(
+        ruleName === 'root' ? 'root' : schemaType,
+        PRIMITIVE_RULES[schemaType]
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  formatGrammar() {
+    let grammar = '';
+    this._rules.forEach((rule, name) => {
+      grammar += `${name} ::= ${rule}\n`;
+    });
+    return grammar;
+  }
+}

examples/server/server.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "common.h"
 #include "llama.h"
 #include "build-info.h"
+#include "grammar-parser.h"
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 // crash the server in debug mode, otherwise send an http 500 error
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "index.html.hpp"
 #include "index.js.hpp"
 #include "completion.js.hpp"
+#include "json-schema-to-grammar.mjs.hpp"
 
 #ifndef SERVER_VERBOSE
 #define SERVER_VERBOSE 1
@@ -188,6 +190,7 @@ struct llama_server_context
     size_t n_past = 0;
     size_t n_remain = 0;
 
+    json prompt;
     std::vector<llama_token> embd;
     std::vector<llama_token> last_n_tokens;
 
@@ -195,6 +198,9 @@ struct llama_server_context
     llama_context *ctx = nullptr;
     gpt_params params;
 
+    grammar_parser::parse_state parsed_grammar;
+    llama_grammar *grammar = nullptr;
+
     bool truncated = false;
     bool stopped_eos = false;
     bool stopped_word = false;
@@ -226,6 +232,7 @@ struct llama_server_context
     void rewind()
     {
         params.antiprompt.clear();
+        params.grammar.clear();
         num_prompt_tokens = 0;
         num_tokens_predicted = 0;
         generated_text = "";
@@ -237,9 +244,13 @@ struct llama_server_context
         stopped_limit = false;
         stopping_word = "";
         multibyte_pending = 0;
-
         n_remain = 0;
         n_past = 0;
+
+        if (grammar != nullptr) {
+            llama_grammar_free(grammar);
+            grammar = nullptr;
+        }
     }
 
     bool loadModel(const gpt_params &params_)
@@ -257,10 +268,82 @@ struct llama_server_context
         return true;
     }
 
+    std::vector<llama_token> tokenize(json json_prompt, bool add_bos)
+    {
+        // If `add_bos` is true, we only add BOS, when json_prompt is a string,
+        // or the first element of the json_prompt array is a string.
+        std::vector<llama_token> prompt_tokens;
+
+        if (json_prompt.is_array())
+        {
+            bool first = true;
+            for (const auto& p : json_prompt)
+            {
+                if (p.is_string())
+                {
+                    auto s = p.template get<std::string>();
+                    std::vector<llama_token> p;
+                    if (first)
+                    {
+                        s.insert(0, 1, ' '); // add a space if it's the first
+                        p = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, s, add_bos);
+                        first = false;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        p = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, s, false);
+                    }
+                    prompt_tokens.insert(prompt_tokens.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (first)
+                    {
+                        first = false;
+                    }
+                    prompt_tokens.push_back(p.template get<llama_token>());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            auto s = json_prompt.template get<std::string>();
+            s.insert(0, 1, ' '); // always add a first space
+            prompt_tokens = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, s, add_bos);
+        }
+
+        return prompt_tokens;
+    }
+
+    bool loadGrammar()
+    {
+        if (!params.grammar.empty()) {
+            parsed_grammar = grammar_parser::parse(params.grammar.c_str());
+            // will be empty (default) if there are parse errors
+            if (parsed_grammar.rules.empty()) {
+                LOG_ERROR("grammar parse error", {{"grammar", params.grammar}});
+                return false;
+            }
+            grammar_parser::print_grammar(stderr, parsed_grammar);
+
+            {
+                auto it = params.logit_bias.find(llama_token_eos(ctx));
+                if (it != params.logit_bias.end() && it->second == -INFINITY) {
+                    LOG_WARNING("EOS token is disabled, which will cause most grammars to fail", {});
+                }
+            }
+
+            std::vector<const llama_grammar_element *> grammar_rules(parsed_grammar.c_rules());
+            grammar = llama_grammar_init(
+                grammar_rules.data(), grammar_rules.size(), parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.at("root"));
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
     void loadPrompt()
     {
-        params.prompt.insert(0, 1, ' '); // always add a first space
-        std::vector<llama_token> prompt_tokens = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, params.prompt, true);
+        auto prompt_tokens = tokenize(prompt, true);  // always add BOS
+
         num_prompt_tokens = prompt_tokens.size();
 
         if (params.n_keep < 0)
@@ -367,7 +450,7 @@ struct llama_server_context
         if (params.n_predict == 0)
         {
             has_next_token = false;
-            result.tok = llama_token_eos();
+            result.tok = llama_token_eos(ctx);
             return result;
         }
 
@@ -407,7 +490,7 @@ struct llama_server_context
             llama_token_data_array candidates_p = {candidates.data(), candidates.size(), false};
 
             // Apply penalties
-            float nl_logit = logits[llama_token_nl()];
+            float nl_logit = logits[llama_token_nl(ctx)];
             auto last_n_repeat = std::min(std::min((int)last_n_tokens.size(), repeat_last_n), params.n_ctx);
             llama_sample_repetition_penalty(ctx, &candidates_p,
                                             last_n_tokens.data() + last_n_tokens.size() - last_n_repeat,
@@ -417,7 +500,11 @@ struct llama_server_context
                                                           last_n_repeat, alpha_frequency, alpha_presence);
             if (!penalize_nl)
             {
-                logits[llama_token_nl()] = nl_logit;
+                logits[llama_token_nl(ctx)] = nl_logit;
+            }
+
+            if (grammar != nullptr) {
+                llama_sample_grammar(ctx, &candidates_p, grammar);
             }
 
             if (temp <= 0)
@@ -457,10 +544,15 @@ struct llama_server_context
                 }
             }
 
+            if (grammar != nullptr) {
+                llama_grammar_accept_token(ctx, grammar, result.tok);
+            }
+
             for (size_t i = 0; i < std::min(candidates_p.size, (size_t)n_probs); ++i)
             {
                 result.probs.push_back({candidates_p.data[i].id, candidates_p.data[i].p});
             }
+
             last_n_tokens.erase(last_n_tokens.begin());
             last_n_tokens.push_back(result.tok);
             num_tokens_predicted++;
@@ -471,7 +563,7 @@ struct llama_server_context
         // decrement remaining sampling budget
         --n_remain;
 
-        if (!embd.empty() && embd.back() == llama_token_eos())
+        if (!embd.empty() && embd.back() == llama_token_eos(ctx))
         {
             // stopping_word = llama_token_to_str(ctx, embd.back());
             has_next_token = false;
@@ -608,8 +700,6 @@ static void server_print_usage(const char *argv0, const gpt_params &params,
     fprintf(stdout, "  -v, --verbose         verbose output (default: %s)\n", server_verbose ? "enabled" : "disabled");
     fprintf(stdout, "  -t N, --threads N     number of threads to use during computation (default: %d)\n", params.n_threads);
     fprintf(stdout, "  -c N, --ctx-size N    size of the prompt context (default: %d)\n", params.n_ctx);
-    fprintf(stdout, "  -gqa N, --gqa N       grouped-query attention factor (TEMP!!! use 8 for LLaMAv2 70B) (default: %d)\n", params.n_gqa);
-    fprintf(stdout, "  -eps N, --rms-norm-eps N rms norm eps (TEMP!!! use 1e-5 for LLaMAv2) (default: %.1e)\n", params.rms_norm_eps);
     fprintf(stdout, "  --rope-freq-base N    RoPE base frequency (default: %.1f)\n", params.rope_freq_base);
     fprintf(stdout, "  --rope-freq-scale N   RoPE frequency scaling factor (default: %g)\n", params.rope_freq_scale);
     fprintf(stdout, "  -b N, --batch-size N  batch size for prompt processing (default: %d)\n", params.n_batch);
@@ -623,17 +713,17 @@ static void server_print_usage(const char *argv0, const gpt_params &params,
     {
         fprintf(stdout, "  --no-mmap             do not memory-map model (slower load but may reduce pageouts if not using mlock)\n");
     }
+    fprintf(stdout, "  --numa                attempt optimizations that help on some NUMA systems\n");
 #ifdef LLAMA_SUPPORTS_GPU_OFFLOAD
     fprintf(stdout, "  -ngl N, --n-gpu-layers N\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "                        number of layers to store in VRAM\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  -ts SPLIT --tensor-split SPLIT\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "                        how to split tensors across multiple GPUs, comma-separated list of proportions, e.g. 3,1\n");
-    fprintf(stdout, "                        how to split tensors across multiple GPUs, comma-separated list of proportions, e.g. 3,1\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  -mg i, --main-gpu i   the GPU to use for scratch and small tensors\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "  -lv, --low-vram don't allocate VRAM scratch buffer\n");
-    fprintf(stdout, "  -mmq, --mul-mat-q     use experimental mul_mat_q CUDA kernels instead of cuBLAS. TEMP!!!\n" );
-    fprintf(stdout, "                        Reduces VRAM usage by 700/970/1430 MiB for 7b/13b/33b but prompt processing speed\n" );
-    fprintf(stdout, "                        is still suboptimal, especially q2_K, q3_K, q5_K, and q6_K.\n" );
+    fprintf(stdout, "  -nommq, --no-mul-mat-q\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "                        use cuBLAS instead of custom mul_mat_q CUDA kernels.\n");
+    fprintf(stdout, "                        Not recommended since this is both slower and uses more VRAM.\n");
 #endif
     fprintf(stdout, "  -m FNAME, --model FNAME\n");
     fprintf(stdout, "                        model path (default: %s)\n", params.model.c_str());
@@ -729,23 +819,6 @@ static void server_params_parse(int argc, char **argv, server_params &sparams,
             }
             params.n_ctx = std::stoi(argv[i]);
         }
-        else if (arg == "-gqa" || arg == "--gqa")
-        {
-            if (++i >= argc)
-            {
-                invalid_param = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            params.n_gqa = std::stoi(argv[i]);
-        }
-        else if (arg == "-eps" || arg == "--rms-norm-eps") {
-            if (++i >= argc)
-            {
-                invalid_param = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            params.rms_norm_eps = std::stof(argv[i]);
-        }
         else if (arg == "--rope-freq-base")
         {
             if (++i >= argc)
@@ -841,12 +914,12 @@ static void server_params_parse(int argc, char **argv, server_params &sparams,
             LOG_WARNING("warning: llama.cpp was compiled without cuBLAS. It is not possible to set lower vram usage.\n", {});
 #endif // GGML_USE_CUBLAS
         }
-        else if (arg == "--mul-mat-q" || arg == "-mmq")
+        else if (arg == "--no-mul-mat-q" || arg == "-nommq")
         {
 #ifdef GGML_USE_CUBLAS
-            params.mul_mat_q = true;
+            params.mul_mat_q = false;
 #else
-            LOG_WARNING("warning: llama.cpp was compiled without cuBLAS. It is not possible to use mul_mat_q kernels.\n", {});
+            LOG_WARNING("warning: llama.cpp was compiled without cuBLAS. Disabling mul_mat_q kernels has no effect.\n", {});
 #endif // GGML_USE_CUBLAS
         }
         else if (arg == "--main-gpu" || arg == "-mg")
@@ -897,6 +970,10 @@ static void server_params_parse(int argc, char **argv, server_params &sparams,
         {
             params.use_mmap = false;
         }
+        else if (arg == "--numa")
+        {
+            params.numa = true;
+        }
         else if (arg == "--embedding")
         {
             params.embedding = true;
@@ -919,7 +996,7 @@ static void server_params_parse(int argc, char **argv, server_params &sparams,
 
 static json format_generation_settings(llama_server_context &llama)
 {
-    const auto eos_bias = llama.params.logit_bias.find(llama_token_eos());
+    const auto eos_bias = llama.params.logit_bias.find(llama_token_eos(llama.ctx));
     const bool ignore_eos = eos_bias != llama.params.logit_bias.end() &&
                             eos_bias->second < 0.0f && std::isinf(eos_bias->second);
 
@@ -947,6 +1024,7 @@ static json format_generation_settings(llama_server_context &llama)
         {"stream", llama.stream},
         {"logit_bias", llama.params.logit_bias},
         {"n_probs", llama.params.n_probs},
+        {"grammar", llama.params.grammar},
     };
 }
 
@@ -964,7 +1042,7 @@ static json format_timings(llama_server_context &llama)
     assert(timings.n_eval == llama.num_tokens_predicted);
 
     return json{
-        {"prompt_n", timings.n_eval},
+        {"prompt_n", timings.n_p_eval},
         {"prompt_ms", timings.t_p_eval_ms},
         {"prompt_per_token_ms", timings.t_p_eval_ms / timings.n_p_eval},
         {"prompt_per_second", 1e3 / timings.t_p_eval_ms * timings.n_p_eval},
@@ -986,14 +1064,13 @@ static json format_final_response(llama_server_context &llama, const std::string
         {"tokens_predicted", llama.num_tokens_predicted},
         {"tokens_evaluated", llama.num_prompt_tokens},
         {"generation_settings", format_generation_settings(llama)},
-        {"prompt", llama.params.prompt},
+        {"prompt", llama.prompt},
         {"truncated", llama.truncated},
         {"stopped_eos", llama.stopped_eos},
         {"stopped_word", llama.stopped_word},
         {"stopped_limit", llama.stopped_limit},
         {"stopping_word", llama.stopping_word},
         {"tokens_cached", llama.n_past},
-        {"tokens_predicted", llama.num_tokens_predicted},
         {"timings", format_timings(llama)},
     };
 
@@ -1026,34 +1103,52 @@ static json format_tokenizer_response(const std::vector<llama_token> &tokens)
         {"tokens", tokens}};
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+static T json_value(const json &body, const std::string &key, const T &default_value)
+{
+    // Fallback null to default value
+    return body.contains(key) && !body.at(key).is_null()
+        ? body.value(key, default_value)
+        : default_value;
+}
+
 static void parse_options_completion(const json &body, llama_server_context &llama)
 {
     gpt_params default_params;
 
-    llama.stream = body.value("stream", false);
-    llama.params.n_predict = body.value("n_predict", default_params.n_predict);
-    llama.params.top_k = body.value("top_k", default_params.top_k);
-    llama.params.top_p = body.value("top_p", default_params.top_p);
-    llama.params.tfs_z = body.value("tfs_z", default_params.tfs_z);
-    llama.params.typical_p = body.value("typical_p", default_params.typical_p);
-    llama.params.repeat_last_n = body.value("repeat_last_n", default_params.repeat_last_n);
-    llama.params.temp = body.value("temperature", default_params.temp);
-    llama.params.repeat_penalty = body.value("repeat_penalty", default_params.repeat_penalty);
-    llama.params.presence_penalty = body.value("presence_penalty", default_params.presence_penalty);
-    llama.params.frequency_penalty = body.value("frequency_penalty", default_params.frequency_penalty);
-    llama.params.mirostat = body.value("mirostat", default_params.mirostat);
-    llama.params.mirostat_tau = body.value("mirostat_tau", default_params.mirostat_tau);
-    llama.params.mirostat_eta = body.value("mirostat_eta", default_params.mirostat_eta);
-    llama.params.penalize_nl = body.value("penalize_nl", default_params.penalize_nl);
-    llama.params.n_keep = body.value("n_keep", default_params.n_keep);
-    llama.params.seed = body.value("seed", default_params.seed);
-    llama.params.prompt = body.value("prompt", default_params.prompt);
-    llama.params.n_probs = body.value("n_probs", default_params.n_probs);
+    llama.stream = json_value(body, "stream", false);
+    llama.params.n_predict = json_value(body, "n_predict", default_params.n_predict);
+    llama.params.top_k = json_value(body, "top_k", default_params.top_k);
+    llama.params.top_p = json_value(body, "top_p", default_params.top_p);
+    llama.params.tfs_z = json_value(body, "tfs_z", default_params.tfs_z);
+    llama.params.typical_p = json_value(body, "typical_p", default_params.typical_p);
+    llama.params.repeat_last_n = json_value(body, "repeat_last_n", default_params.repeat_last_n);
+    llama.params.temp = json_value(body, "temperature", default_params.temp);
+    llama.params.repeat_penalty = json_value(body, "repeat_penalty", default_params.repeat_penalty);
+    llama.params.presence_penalty = json_value(body, "presence_penalty", default_params.presence_penalty);
+    llama.params.frequency_penalty = json_value(body, "frequency_penalty", default_params.frequency_penalty);
+    llama.params.mirostat = json_value(body, "mirostat", default_params.mirostat);
+    llama.params.mirostat_tau = json_value(body, "mirostat_tau", default_params.mirostat_tau);
+    llama.params.mirostat_eta = json_value(body, "mirostat_eta", default_params.mirostat_eta);
+    llama.params.penalize_nl = json_value(body, "penalize_nl", default_params.penalize_nl);
+    llama.params.n_keep = json_value(body, "n_keep", default_params.n_keep);
+    llama.params.seed = json_value(body, "seed", default_params.seed);
+    llama.params.grammar = json_value(body, "grammar", default_params.grammar);
+    llama.params.n_probs = json_value(body, "n_probs", default_params.n_probs);
+
+    if (body.count("prompt") != 0)
+    {
+        llama.prompt = body["prompt"];
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        llama.prompt = "";
+    }
 
     llama.params.logit_bias.clear();
-    if (body.value("ignore_eos", false))
+    if (json_value(body, "ignore_eos", false))
     {
-        llama.params.logit_bias[llama_token_eos()] = -INFINITY;
+        llama.params.logit_bias[llama_token_eos(llama.ctx)] = -INFINITY;
     }
 
     const auto &logit_bias = body.find("logit_bias");
@@ -1169,6 +1264,12 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         res.set_content(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&completion_js), completion_js_len, "application/javascript");
         return false; });
 
+    // this is only called if no index.html is found in the public --path
+    svr.Get("/json-schema-to-grammar.mjs", [](const Request &, Response &res)
+            {
+        res.set_content(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&json_schema_to_grammar_mjs), json_schema_to_grammar_mjs_len, "application/javascript");
+        return false; });
+
     svr.Post("/completion", [&llama](const Request &req, Response &res)
              {
         auto lock = llama.lock();
@@ -1179,6 +1280,12 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
         parse_options_completion(json::parse(req.body), llama);
 
+        if (!llama.loadGrammar())
+        {
+            res.status = 400;
+            return;
+        }
+
         llama.loadPrompt();
         llama.beginCompletion();
 
@@ -1274,7 +1381,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
                 sink.done();
                 return true;
             };
-            res.set_chunked_content_provider("text/event-stream", chunked_content_provider);
+            const auto on_complete = [&](bool) {
+                llama.mutex.unlock();
+            };
+            lock.release();
+            res.set_chunked_content_provider("text/event-stream", chunked_content_provider, on_complete);
         } });
 
     svr.Get("/model.json", [&llama](const Request &, Response &res)
@@ -1290,8 +1401,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         auto lock = llama.lock();
 
         const json body = json::parse(req.body);
-        const std::string content = body.value("content", "");
-        const std::vector<llama_token> tokens = llama_tokenize(llama.ctx, content, false);
+        std::vector<llama_token> tokens;
+        if (body.count("content") != 0)
+        {
+            tokens = llama.tokenize(body["content"], false);
+        }
         const json data = format_tokenizer_response(tokens);
         return res.set_content(data.dump(), "application/json"); });
 
@@ -1303,7 +1417,14 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
         llama.rewind();
         llama_reset_timings(llama.ctx);
-        llama.params.prompt = body.value("content", "");
+        if (body.count("content") != 0)
+        {
+            llama.prompt = body["content"];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            llama.prompt = "";
+        }
         llama.params.n_predict = 0;
         llama.loadPrompt();
         llama.beginCompletion();
@@ -1330,8 +1451,12 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     svr.set_error_handler([](const Request &, Response &res)
                           {
-        res.set_content("File Not Found", "text/plain");
-        res.status = 404; });
+        if (res.status == 400) {
+            res.set_content("Invalid request", "text/plain");
+        } else if (res.status != 500) {
+            res.set_content("File Not Found", "text/plain");
+            res.status = 404;
+        } });
 
     // set timeouts and change hostname and port
     svr.set_read_timeout(sparams.read_timeout);
@@ -1359,6 +1484,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         return 1;
     }
 
+    if (llama.grammar != nullptr) {
+        llama_grammar_free(llama.grammar);
+    }
     llama_backend_free();
 
     return 0;

examples/simple/simple.cpp

@@ -2,180 +2,129 @@
 #define _GNU_SOURCE
 #endif
 
-#include "common.h"
-#include "llama.h"
 #include "build-info.h"
 
-#include <cassert>
-#include <cinttypes>
+#include "common.h"
+#include "llama.h"
+
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdio>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <ctime>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#if defined (__unix__) || (defined (__APPLE__) && defined (__MACH__))
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#elif defined (_WIN32)
-#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#define NOMINMAX
-#include <windows.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#endif
-
-
-
-int main(int argc, char ** argv)
-{
+int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     gpt_params params;
 
-    //---------------------------------
-    // Print help :
-    //---------------------------------
-
-    if ( argc == 1 || argv[1][0] == '-' )
-    {
-        printf( "usage: %s MODEL_PATH [PROMPT]\n" , argv[0] );
+    if (argc == 1 || argv[1][0] == '-') {
+        printf("usage: %s MODEL_PATH [PROMPT]\n" , argv[0]);
         return 1 ;
     }
 
-    //---------------------------------
-    // Load parameters :
-    //---------------------------------
-
-    if ( argc >= 2 )
-    {
+    if (argc >= 2) {
         params.model = argv[1];
     }
 
-    if ( argc >= 3 )
-    {
+    if (argc >= 3) {
         params.prompt = argv[2];
     }
 
-    if ( params.prompt.empty() )
-    {
+    if (params.prompt.empty()) {
         params.prompt = "Hello my name is";
     }
 
-    //---------------------------------
-    // Init LLM :
-    //---------------------------------
+    // init LLM
 
     llama_backend_init(params.numa);
 
-    llama_model * model;
-    llama_context * ctx;
+    llama_context_params ctx_params = llama_context_default_params();
 
-    std::tie(model, ctx) = llama_init_from_gpt_params( params );
+    llama_model * model = llama_load_model_from_file(params.model.c_str(), ctx_params);
 
-    if ( model == NULL )
-    {
-        fprintf( stderr , "%s: error: unable to load model\n" , __func__ );
+    if (model == NULL) {
+        fprintf(stderr , "%s: error: unable to load model\n" , __func__);
         return 1;
     }
 
-    //---------------------------------
-    // Tokenize the prompt :
-    //---------------------------------
+    llama_context * ctx = llama_new_context_with_model(model, ctx_params);
+
+    // tokenize the prompt
 
     std::vector<llama_token> tokens_list;
-    tokens_list = ::llama_tokenize( ctx , params.prompt , true );
+    tokens_list = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, params.prompt, true);
 
-    const int max_context_size     = llama_n_ctx( ctx );
-    const int max_tokens_list_size = max_context_size - 4 ;
+    const int max_context_size     = llama_n_ctx(ctx);
+    const int max_tokens_list_size = max_context_size - 4;
 
-    if ( (int)tokens_list.size() > max_tokens_list_size )
-    {
-        fprintf( stderr , "%s: error: prompt too long (%d tokens, max %d)\n" ,
-             __func__ , (int)tokens_list.size() , max_tokens_list_size );
+    if ((int) tokens_list.size() > max_tokens_list_size) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: prompt too long (%d tokens, max %d)\n", __func__, (int) tokens_list.size(), max_tokens_list_size);
         return 1;
     }
 
-    fprintf( stderr, "\n\n" );
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n\n");
 
-    // Print the tokens from the prompt :
-
-    for( auto id : tokens_list )
-    {
-        printf( "%s" , llama_token_to_str( ctx , id ) );
+    for (auto id : tokens_list) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s", llama_token_to_str(ctx, id).c_str());
     }
 
-    fflush(stdout);
+    fflush(stderr);
 
-
-    //---------------------------------
-    // Main prediction loop :
-    //---------------------------------
+    // main loop
 
     // The LLM keeps a contextual cache memory of previous token evaluation.
     // Usually, once this cache is full, it is required to recompute a compressed context based on previous
     // tokens (see "infinite text generation via context swapping" in the main example), but in this minimalist
     // example, we will just stop the loop once this cache is full or once an end of stream is detected.
 
-    while ( llama_get_kv_cache_token_count( ctx ) < max_context_size )
-    {
-        //---------------------------------
-        // Evaluate the tokens :
-        //---------------------------------
+    const int n_gen = std::min(32, max_context_size);
 
-        if ( llama_eval( ctx , tokens_list.data() , tokens_list.size() , llama_get_kv_cache_token_count( ctx ) , params.n_threads ) )
-        {
-            fprintf( stderr,  "%s : failed to eval\n" , __func__ );
+    while (llama_get_kv_cache_token_count(ctx) < n_gen) {
+        // evaluate the transformer
+
+        if (llama_eval(ctx, tokens_list.data(), int(tokens_list.size()), llama_get_kv_cache_token_count(ctx), params.n_threads)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s : failed to eval\n", __func__);
             return 1;
         }
 
         tokens_list.clear();
 
-        //---------------------------------
-        // Select the best prediction :
-        //---------------------------------
+        // sample the next token
 
         llama_token new_token_id = 0;
 
-        auto logits  = llama_get_logits( ctx );
-        auto n_vocab = llama_n_vocab( ctx ); // the size of the LLM vocabulary (in tokens)
+        auto logits  = llama_get_logits(ctx);
+        auto n_vocab = llama_n_vocab(ctx);
 
         std::vector<llama_token_data> candidates;
-        candidates.reserve( n_vocab );
+        candidates.reserve(n_vocab);
 
-        for( llama_token token_id = 0 ; token_id < n_vocab ; token_id++ )
-        {
-            candidates.emplace_back( llama_token_data{ token_id , logits[ token_id ] , 0.0f } );
+        for (llama_token token_id = 0; token_id < n_vocab; token_id++) {
+            candidates.emplace_back(llama_token_data{ token_id, logits[token_id], 0.0f });
         }
 
         llama_token_data_array candidates_p = { candidates.data(), candidates.size(), false };
 
-        // Select it using the "Greedy sampling" method :
-        new_token_id = llama_sample_token_greedy( ctx , &candidates_p );
-
+        new_token_id = llama_sample_token_greedy(ctx , &candidates_p);
 
         // is it an end of stream ?
-        if ( new_token_id == llama_token_eos() )
-        {
+        if (new_token_id == llama_token_eos(ctx)) {
             fprintf(stderr, " [end of text]\n");
             break;
         }
 
-        // Print the new token :
-        printf( "%s" , llama_token_to_str( ctx , new_token_id ) );
-        fflush( stdout );
+        // print the new token :
+        printf("%s", llama_token_to_str(ctx, new_token_id).c_str());
+        fflush(stdout);
 
-        // Push this new token for next evaluation :
-        tokens_list.push_back( new_token_id );
+        // push this new token for next evaluation
+        tokens_list.push_back(new_token_id);
+    }
 
-    } // wend of main loop
-
-    llama_free( ctx );
-    llama_free_model( model );
+    llama_free(ctx);
+    llama_free_model(model);
 
     llama_backend_free();
 
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n\n");
+
     return 0;
 }
-
-// EOF

examples/train-text-from-scratch/train-text-from-scratch.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "ggml.h"
+#include "common.h"
 #include "llama.h"
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@
 #pragma warning(disable: 4244 4267) // possible loss of data
 #endif
 
-static const float rms_norm_eps = LLAMA_DEFAULT_RMS_EPS;
+static const float rms_norm_eps = 1e-5f;
 
 struct random_normal_distribution {
     std::mt19937 gen;
@@ -169,14 +170,16 @@ struct ggml_tensor * randomize_tensor_uniform(struct ggml_tensor * tensor, struc
 struct llama_vocab {
     using id    = int32_t;
     using token = std::string;
+    using ttype = llama_token_type;
 
-    struct token_score {
-        token tok;
+    struct token_data {
+        token text;
         float score;
+        ttype type;
     };
 
     std::unordered_map<token, id> token_to_id;
-    std::vector<token_score> id_to_token;
+    std::vector<token_data> id_to_token;
 };
 
 struct my_llama_hparams {
@@ -1865,10 +1868,10 @@ struct ggml_tensor * forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train(
         t12->grad = expand(gb, ggml_permute(ctx0, t15->grad, 0, 2, 3, 1));                                            assert_shape_4d(t12->grad, N, n_batch, n_embd/n_head, n_head);
         t11->grad = expand(gb, ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, ggml_cont(ctx0, t12->grad), N*n_batch, n_embd));                 assert_shape_2d(t11->grad, N*n_batch, n_embd);
         t10->grad = expand(gb, ggml_permute(ctx0, t14->grad, 0, 2, 1, 3));                                            assert_shape_4d(t10->grad, n_embd/n_head, n_head, N, n_batch);
-        t09->grad = expand(gb, ggml_rope_back(ctx0, t10->grad, n_past, n_rot, rope_mode, n_ctx));                     assert_shape_4d(t09->grad, n_embd/n_head, n_head, N, n_batch);
+        t09->grad = expand(gb, ggml_rope_back(ctx0, t10->grad, n_past, n_rot, rope_mode, n_ctx, 10000.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, false));        assert_shape_4d(t09->grad, n_embd/n_head, n_head, N, n_batch);
         t08->grad = expand(gb, ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, t09->grad, n_embd, N*n_batch));                                  assert_shape_2d(t08->grad, n_embd, N*n_batch);
         t07->grad = expand(gb, ggml_permute(ctx0, t13->grad, 0, 2, 1, 3));                                            assert_shape_4d(t07->grad, n_embd/n_head, n_head, N, n_batch);
-        t06->grad = expand(gb, ggml_rope_back(ctx0, t07->grad, n_past, n_rot, rope_mode, n_ctx));                     assert_shape_4d(t06->grad, n_embd/n_head, n_head, N, n_batch);
+        t06->grad = expand(gb, ggml_rope_back(ctx0, t07->grad, n_past, n_rot, rope_mode, n_ctx, 10000.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, false));        assert_shape_4d(t06->grad, n_embd/n_head, n_head, N, n_batch);
         t05->grad = expand(gb, ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, t06->grad, n_embd, N*n_batch));                                  assert_shape_2d(t05->grad, n_embd, N*n_batch);
         t04->grad = expand(gb, ggml_add_inplace(ctx0,
                         ggml_add_inplace(ctx0,
@@ -1961,7 +1964,7 @@ void print_matrix(struct ggml_tensor * probs) {
 
 
 void print_token(struct llama_context * ctx, llama_token token) {
-    printf("%s", llama_token_to_str(ctx, token));
+    printf("%s", llama_token_to_str(ctx, token).c_str());
 }
 
 void print_tokens(struct llama_context* ctx, struct ggml_tensor * tokens) {
@@ -1995,7 +1998,7 @@ void print_tokens_batch(struct llama_context* ctx, struct ggml_tensor * tokens)
     }
 }
 
-void get_example_targets(const int * train_samples, size_t n_train_samples, const llama_token * train_data, size_t n_train_data, int example_id, struct ggml_tensor * tokens_input, struct ggml_tensor * target_logits, struct ggml_tensor * target_probs) {
+void get_example_targets(struct llama_context * lctx, const int * train_samples, size_t n_train_samples, const llama_token * train_data, size_t n_train_data, int example_id, struct ggml_tensor * tokens_input, struct ggml_tensor * target_logits, struct ggml_tensor * target_probs) {
     int n_tokens = tokens_input->ne[0];
     int n_vocab  = target_logits->ne[0];
 
@@ -2004,7 +2007,7 @@ void get_example_targets(const int * train_samples, size_t n_train_samples, cons
 
     ggml_set_f32(target_logits, -1.0f/n_vocab);
     ggml_set_f32(target_probs, 0.0f);
-    ggml_set_i32_1d(tokens_input, 0, llama_token_bos());
+    ggml_set_i32_1d(tokens_input, 0, llama_token_bos(lctx));
     for (int i=1; i<n_tokens+1; ++i) {
         int token = clamp(train_data[sample+i-1], 0, n_vocab-1);
         set_f32_2d(target_logits, token, i-1, +1.0f);
@@ -2015,7 +2018,7 @@ void get_example_targets(const int * train_samples, size_t n_train_samples, cons
     }
 }
 
-void get_example_targets_batch(struct llama_context * /*lctx*/, const int * train_samples, size_t n_train_samples, const llama_token * train_data, size_t n_train_data, int example_id, struct ggml_tensor * tokens_input, struct ggml_tensor * target_logits, struct ggml_tensor * target_probs) {
+void get_example_targets_batch(struct llama_context * lctx, const int * train_samples, size_t n_train_samples, const llama_token * train_data, size_t n_train_data, int example_id, struct ggml_tensor * tokens_input, struct ggml_tensor * target_logits, struct ggml_tensor * target_probs) {
     GGML_ASSERT(tokens_input->n_dims  == 2);
     GGML_ASSERT(target_logits->n_dims == 3);
     GGML_ASSERT(target_probs->n_dims  == 3);
@@ -2035,7 +2038,7 @@ void get_example_targets_batch(struct llama_context * /*lctx*/, const int * trai
         size_t sample = train_samples[(example_id*n_batch + k) % n_train_samples];
         GGML_ASSERT(sample+n_tokens-1 < n_train_data);
 
-        set_i32_2d(tokens_input, 0, k, llama_token_bos());
+        set_i32_2d(tokens_input, 0, k, llama_token_bos(lctx));
         for (int i=1; i<n_tokens+1; ++i) {
             int token = clamp(train_data[sample+i-1], 0, n_vocab-1);
             // print_token(lctx, token);
@@ -2188,11 +2191,10 @@ int tokenize_file(struct llama_context * lctx, const char * filename, std::vecto
     f.read_raw(buf.data(), f.size);
     buf[f.size] = '\0';
 
-    out.resize(buf.size());
-
-    int n_tokens = llama_tokenize(lctx, buf.data(), out.data(), buf.size(), false);
-    if (n_tokens >= 0) {
-        out.resize(n_tokens);
+    int n_tokens = llama_tokenize(lctx, buf.data(), out.data(), out.size(), false);
+    if (n_tokens < 0) {
+        out.resize(-n_tokens);
+        llama_tokenize(lctx, buf.data(), out.data(), out.size(), false);
     }
 
     bool verify = false;
@@ -2200,17 +2202,17 @@ int tokenize_file(struct llama_context * lctx, const char * filename, std::vecto
         const char * in  = buf.data();
         const char * end = buf.data() + buf.size();
         for (int i = 0; i < (int) out.size(); ++i) {
-            const char * s = llama_token_to_str(lctx, out[i]);
-            int len = strlen(s);
+            std::string s = llama_token_to_str(lctx, out[i]);
+            int len = s.length();
             if (in >= end) {
                 printf("%s: unexpected end of original text.\n", __func__);
                 break;
             }
-            const bool matches = (strncmp(in, s, len) == 0);
+            const bool matches = (strncmp(in, s.c_str(), len) == 0);
             if (matches) {
                 in += len;
             } else {
-                printf("%s: mismatch: expected '%s', but got '%s'\n", __func__, std::string(in, len).c_str(), s);
+                printf("%s: mismatch: expected '%s', but got '%s'\n", __func__, std::string(in, len).c_str(), s.c_str());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -2294,7 +2296,7 @@ llama_token sample(struct my_llama_sampler * sampler, float * logits, const llam
     const auto params = sampler->params;
 
     // Apply penalties
-    const float nl_logit = logits[llama_token_nl()];
+    const float nl_logit = logits[llama_token_nl(ctx)];
 
     const int n_last = std::min(std::min(n_last_tokens, params.repeat_last_n), sampler->n_ctx);
 
@@ -2313,7 +2315,7 @@ llama_token sample(struct my_llama_sampler * sampler, float * logits, const llam
         params.alpha_presence);
 
     if (!params.penalize_nl) {
-        logits[llama_token_nl()] = nl_logit;
+        logits[llama_token_nl(ctx)] = nl_logit;
     }
 
     llama_token token = 0;
@@ -2612,42 +2614,45 @@ void save_as_llama_model(struct llama_vocab * vocab, struct my_llama_model * mod
         return;
     }
 
-    // write_magic
-    file.write_u32(LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC);   // magic
-    file.write_u32(LLAMA_FILE_VERSION); // version
-    // write_hparams
-    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_vocab);
-    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_embd);
-    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_mult);
-    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_head);
-    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_layer);
-    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_rot);
-    file.write_u32(LLAMA_FTYPE_ALL_F32);
-    // write_vocab
-    uint32_t n_vocab = model->hparams.n_vocab;
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_vocab; i++) {
-        const auto & token_score = vocab->id_to_token.at(i);
-        file.write_u32((uint32_t) token_score.tok.size());
-        file.write_raw(token_score.tok.data(), token_score.tok.size());
-        file.write_raw(&token_score.score, sizeof(token_score.score));
-    }
-    // write tensors
-    write_tensor(&file, model->tok_embeddings);
-    write_tensor(&file, model->norm);
-    write_tensor(&file, model->output);
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < model->hparams.n_layer; ++i) {
-        auto & layer = model->layers[i];
-
-        write_tensor(&file, layer.attention_norm);
-        write_tensor(&file, layer.wq);
-        write_tensor(&file, layer.wk);
-        write_tensor(&file, layer.wv);
-        write_tensor(&file, layer.wo);
-        write_tensor(&file, layer.ffn_norm);
-        write_tensor(&file, layer.w1);
-        write_tensor(&file, layer.w2);
-        write_tensor(&file, layer.w3);
-    }
+#pragma message("TODO: implement file saving using gguf")
+    (void) vocab;
+    (void) model;
+//    // write_magic
+//    file.write_u32(LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC);   // magic
+//    file.write_u32(LLAMA_FILE_VERSION); // version
+//    // write_hparams
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_vocab);
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_embd);
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_mult);
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_head);
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_layer);
+//    file.write_u32(model->hparams.n_rot);
+//    file.write_u32(LLAMA_FTYPE_ALL_F32);
+//    // write_vocab
+//    uint32_t n_vocab = model->hparams.n_vocab;
+//    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_vocab; i++) {
+//        const auto & token_data = vocab->id_to_token.at(i);
+//        file.write_u32((uint32_t) token_data.tok.size());
+//        file.write_raw(token_data.tok.data(), token_data.tok.size());
+//        file.write_raw(&token_data.score, sizeof(token_data.score));
+//    }
+//    // write tensors
+//    write_tensor(&file, model->tok_embeddings);
+//    write_tensor(&file, model->norm);
+//    write_tensor(&file, model->output);
+//    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < model->hparams.n_layer; ++i) {
+//        auto & layer = model->layers[i];
+//
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.attention_norm);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.wq);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.wk);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.wv);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.wo);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.ffn_norm);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.w1);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.w2);
+//        write_tensor(&file, layer.w3);
+//    }
 }
 
 float cosine_decay(const int decay_steps, const float alpha, int step) {
@@ -3052,20 +3057,13 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
 
     struct llama_vocab vocab;
     {
-        std::vector<const char *> strings;
-        std::vector<float> scores;
-        int n_vocab = llama_n_vocab(lctx);
-        strings.resize(n_vocab, NULL);
-        scores.resize(n_vocab, 0);
-        n_vocab = llama_get_vocab(lctx, strings.data(), scores.data(), n_vocab);
-        GGML_ASSERT(n_vocab == llama_n_vocab(lctx));
+        const int n_vocab = llama_n_vocab(lctx);
         vocab.id_to_token.resize(n_vocab);
         for (int i=0; i<n_vocab; ++i) {
-            std::string tok   = std::string(strings[i]);
-            float       score = scores[i];
-            vocab.id_to_token[i].tok   = tok;
-            vocab.id_to_token[i].score = score;
-            vocab.token_to_id.emplace(tok, i);
+            vocab.id_to_token[i].text  = llama_token_get_text(lctx, i);
+            vocab.id_to_token[i].score = llama_token_get_score(lctx, i);
+            vocab.id_to_token[i].type  = llama_token_get_type(lctx, i);
+            vocab.token_to_id.emplace(vocab.id_to_token[i].text, i);
         }
     }
 
@@ -3178,7 +3176,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     std::vector<int> train_samples;
     train_samples.push_back(0);
     for (int i = 1; i < (int) train_tokens.size() - n_tokens; ++i) {
-        if (!params.samples_start_after_nl || (train_tokens[i-1] == llama_token_nl())) {
+        if (!params.samples_start_after_nl || (train_tokens[i-1] == llama_token_nl(lctx))) {
             train_samples.push_back(i);
         }
     }
@@ -3338,7 +3336,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         struct ggml_tensor * target_logits = ggml_new_tensor_2d(model.ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_vocab,  n_tokens);
         struct ggml_tensor * target_probs  = ggml_new_tensor_2d(model.ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_vocab,  n_tokens);
 
-        get_example_targets(train_samples.data(), train_samples.size(), train_tokens.data(), train_tokens.size(), rand()%train_samples.size(), tokens_input, target_logits, target_probs);
+        get_example_targets(lctx, train_samples.data(), train_samples.size(), train_tokens.data(), train_tokens.size(), rand()%train_samples.size(), tokens_input, target_logits, target_probs);
         for (int i=sample_ctx; i<n_tokens; ++i) {
             ggml_set_i32_1d(tokens_input, i, n_vocab/2);
         }

flake.nix

@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
             with pkgs.darwin.apple_sdk_11_0.frameworks; [
               Accelerate
               MetalKit
-              MetalPerformanceShaders
-              MetalPerformanceShadersGraph
             ]
           else if isAarch32 && isDarwin then
             with pkgs.darwin.apple_sdk.frameworks; [

ggml-alloc.c

@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ struct ggml_allocr {
     struct hash_node hash_table[GGML_GRAPH_HASHTABLE_SIZE];
     size_t max_size;
     bool measure;
+    int parse_seq[GGML_MAX_NODES];
+    bool has_parse_seq;
 
 #ifdef GGML_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG
     struct ggml_tensor * allocated_tensors[1024];
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ struct ggml_allocr {
 };
 
 #ifdef GGML_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG
-static void add_allocated_tensor(struct ggml_allocator * alloc, struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+static void add_allocated_tensor(struct ggml_allocr * alloc, struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
     for (int i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
         if (alloc->allocated_tensors[i] == NULL) {
             alloc->allocated_tensors[i] = tensor;
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ static void add_allocated_tensor(struct ggml_allocator * alloc, struct ggml_tens
     }
     GGML_ASSERT(!"out of allocated_tensors");
 }
-static void remove_allocated_tensor(struct ggml_allocator * alloc, struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+static void remove_allocated_tensor(struct ggml_allocr * alloc, struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
     for (int i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
         if (alloc->allocated_tensors[i] == tensor ||
             (alloc->allocated_tensors[i] != NULL && alloc->allocated_tensors[i]->data == tensor->data)) {
@@ -111,10 +113,10 @@ void ggml_allocr_alloc(struct ggml_allocr * alloc, struct ggml_tensor * tensor)
 
     size_t max_avail = 0;
 
-    // find the best fitting free block
+    // find the best fitting free block besides the last block
     int best_fit_block = -1;
     size_t best_fit_size = SIZE_MAX;
-    for (int i = 0; i < alloc->n_free_blocks; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < alloc->n_free_blocks - 1; i++) {
         struct free_block * block = &alloc->free_blocks[i];
         max_avail = MAX(max_avail, block->size);
         if (block->size >= size && block->size <= best_fit_size) {
@@ -126,10 +128,17 @@ void ggml_allocr_alloc(struct ggml_allocr * alloc, struct ggml_tensor * tensor)
     AT_PRINTF("block %d\n", best_fit_block);
 
     if (best_fit_block == -1) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: not enough space in the buffer (needed %zu, largest block available %zu)\n",
-                __func__, size, max_avail);
-        GGML_ASSERT(!"not enough space in the buffer");
+        // the last block is our last resort
+        struct free_block * block = &alloc->free_blocks[alloc->n_free_blocks - 1];
+        if (block->size >= size) {
+            best_fit_block = alloc->n_free_blocks - 1;
+            max_avail = MAX(max_avail, block->size);
+        } else {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: not enough space in the buffer (needed %zu, largest block available %zu)\n",
+                    __func__, size, max_avail);
+            GGML_ASSERT(!"not enough space in the buffer");
         return;
+        }
     }
     struct free_block * block = &alloc->free_blocks[best_fit_block];
     void * addr = block->addr;
@@ -229,6 +238,17 @@ static void ggml_allocator_free_tensor(struct ggml_allocr * alloc, struct ggml_t
     alloc->n_free_blocks++;
 }
 
+void ggml_allocr_set_parse_seq(struct ggml_allocr * alloc, int * list, int n) {
+    int pos = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        if (list[i] != -1) {
+            alloc->parse_seq[pos] = list[i];
+            pos++;
+        }
+    }
+    alloc->has_parse_seq = true;
+}
+
 void ggml_allocr_reset(struct ggml_allocr * alloc) {
     alloc->n_free_blocks = 1;
     size_t align_offset = aligned_offset(alloc->data, 0, alloc->alignment);
@@ -248,6 +268,8 @@ struct ggml_allocr * ggml_allocr_new(void * data, size_t size, size_t alignment)
         /*.hash_table    = */ {{0}},
         /*.max_size      = */ 0,
         /*.measure       = */ false,
+        /*.parse_seq     = */ {0},
+        /*.has_parse_seq = */ false,
 #ifdef GGML_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG
         /*.allocated_tensors = */ = {0},
 #endif
@@ -275,6 +297,8 @@ struct ggml_allocr * ggml_allocr_new_measure(size_t alignment) {
         /*.hash_table    = */ {{0}},
         /*.max_size      = */ 0,
         /*.measure       = */ true,
+        /*.parse_seq     = */ {0},
+        /*.has_parse_seq = */ false,
 #ifdef GGML_ALLOCATOR_DEBUG
         /*.allocated_tensors = */ = {0},
 #endif
@@ -394,6 +418,14 @@ static void allocate_node(struct ggml_allocr * alloc, struct ggml_tensor * node)
                     if (parent == NULL) {
                         break;
                     }
+
+                    // if the node's data is external, then we cannot re-use it
+                    if ((char *) parent->data < (char *) alloc->data ||
+                        (char *) parent->data >= ((char *) alloc->data + alloc->size)) {
+                        AT_PRINTF("not reusing parent %s for %s as %p is external\n", parent->name, node->name, parent->data);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
                     struct hash_node * p_hn = hash_get(ht, parent);
                     if (parent->data != NULL && p_hn->n_children == 1 && p_hn->n_views == 0 && ggml_are_same_layout(node, parent)) {
                         if (ggml_is_view(parent)) {
@@ -465,7 +497,13 @@ static size_t ggml_allocator_alloc_graph_tensors_n(
                 allocate_node(alloc, input);
             }
         }
-        for (int i = 0; i < gf->n_nodes; i++) {
+        for (int ind = 0; ind < gf->n_nodes; ind++) {
+            int i;
+            if (alloc->has_parse_seq) {
+                i = alloc->parse_seq[ind];
+            } else {
+                i = ind;
+            }
             struct ggml_tensor * node = gf->nodes[i];
 
             // allocate parents (leafs)

ggml-alloc.h

@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ extern "C" {
 GGML_API struct ggml_allocr * ggml_allocr_new(void * data, size_t size, size_t alignment);
 GGML_API struct ggml_allocr * ggml_allocr_new_measure(size_t alignment);
 
+// tell the allocator to parse nodes following the order described in the list
+// you should call this if your graph are optimized to execute out-of-order
+GGML_API void   ggml_allocr_set_parse_seq(struct ggml_allocr * alloc, int * list, int n);
+
 GGML_API void   ggml_allocr_free(struct ggml_allocr * alloc);
 GGML_API bool   ggml_allocr_is_measure(struct ggml_allocr * alloc);
 GGML_API void   ggml_allocr_reset(struct ggml_allocr * alloc);

ggml-cuda.h

@@ -8,29 +8,30 @@ extern "C" {
 
 #define GGML_CUDA_MAX_DEVICES       16
 
-void   ggml_init_cublas(void);
-void   ggml_cuda_set_tensor_split(const float * tensor_split);
+GGML_API void   ggml_init_cublas(void);
+GGML_API void * ggml_cuda_host_malloc(size_t size);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_host_free(void * ptr);
 
-void   ggml_cuda_mul(const struct ggml_tensor * src0, const struct ggml_tensor * src1, struct ggml_tensor * dst);
-bool   ggml_cuda_can_mul_mat(const struct ggml_tensor * src0, const struct ggml_tensor * src1, struct ggml_tensor * dst);
-size_t ggml_cuda_mul_mat_get_wsize(const struct ggml_tensor * src0, const struct ggml_tensor * src1, struct ggml_tensor * dst);
-void   ggml_cuda_mul_mat(const struct ggml_tensor * src0, const struct ggml_tensor * src1, struct ggml_tensor * dst, void * wdata, size_t wsize);
+GGML_API bool   ggml_cuda_can_mul_mat(const struct ggml_tensor * src0, const struct ggml_tensor * src1, struct ggml_tensor * dst);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_set_tensor_split(const float * tensor_split);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_transform_tensor(void * data, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_free_data(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
 
-// TODO: export these with GGML_API
-void * ggml_cuda_host_malloc(size_t size);
-void   ggml_cuda_host_free(void * ptr);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_assign_buffers(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_assign_buffers_no_scratch(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_assign_buffers_force_inplace(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
 
-void   ggml_cuda_transform_tensor(void * data, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_assign_buffers_no_alloc(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_assign_scratch_offset(struct ggml_tensor * tensor, size_t offset);
 
-void   ggml_cuda_free_data(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-void   ggml_cuda_assign_buffers(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-void   ggml_cuda_assign_buffers_no_scratch(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-void   ggml_cuda_assign_buffers_force_inplace(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
-void   ggml_cuda_set_main_device(int main_device);
-void   ggml_cuda_set_mul_mat_q(bool mul_mat_q);
-void   ggml_cuda_set_scratch_size(size_t scratch_size);
-void   ggml_cuda_free_scratch(void);
-bool   ggml_cuda_compute_forward(struct ggml_compute_params * params, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_set_main_device(int main_device);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_set_mul_mat_q(bool mul_mat_q);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_set_scratch_size(size_t scratch_size);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_free_scratch(void);
+GGML_API bool   ggml_cuda_compute_forward(struct ggml_compute_params * params, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+
+GGML_API int    ggml_cuda_get_device_count(void);
+GGML_API void   ggml_cuda_get_device_description(int device, char * description, size_t description_size);
 
 #ifdef  __cplusplus
 }

ggml-metal.h

@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ struct ggml_metal_context;
 struct ggml_metal_context * ggml_metal_init(int n_cb);
 void ggml_metal_free(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx);
 
+void * ggml_metal_host_malloc(size_t n);
+void   ggml_metal_host_free  (void * data);
+
 // set the number of command buffers to use
 void ggml_metal_set_n_cb(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx, int n_cb);
 
@@ -63,10 +66,13 @@ void ggml_metal_get_tensor(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx, struct ggml_tensor *
 
 // try to find operations that can be run concurrently in the graph
 // you should run it again if the topology of your graph changes
-void ggml_metal_graph_find_concurrency(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx, struct ggml_cgraph * gf);
+void ggml_metal_graph_find_concurrency(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx, struct ggml_cgraph * gf, bool check_mem);
 
-// if the graph has been optimized for concurrently dispatch
-bool ggml_metal_if_optimized(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx);
+// if the graph has been optimized for concurrently dispatch, return length of the concur_list if optimized
+int ggml_metal_if_optimized(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx);
+
+// output the concur_list for ggml_alloc
+int * ggml_metal_get_concur_list(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx);
 
 // same as ggml_graph_compute but uses Metal
 // creates gf->n_threads command buffers in parallel

ggml-metal.m

@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@
 #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
 
 #import <Metal/Metal.h>
-#import <MetalPerformanceShaders/MetalPerformanceShaders.h>
+
+#undef MIN
+#undef MAX
+#define MIN(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
 
 #ifdef GGML_METAL_NDEBUG
 #define metal_printf(...)
@@ -15,6 +19,8 @@
 
 #define UNUSED(x) (void)(x)
 
+#define GGML_MAX_CONCUR (2*GGML_MAX_NODES)
+
 struct ggml_metal_buffer {
     const char * name;
 
@@ -36,7 +42,7 @@ struct ggml_metal_context {
     int n_buffers;
     struct ggml_metal_buffer buffers[GGML_METAL_MAX_BUFFERS];
 
-    int concur_list[GGML_MAX_NODES];
+    int concur_list[GGML_MAX_CONCUR];
     int concur_list_len;
 
     // custom kernels
@@ -72,6 +78,14 @@ struct ggml_metal_context {
     GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mat_q4_K_f32);
     GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mat_q5_K_f32);
     GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mat_q6_K_f32);
+    GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_f16_f32);
+    GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_0_f32);
+    GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_1_f32);
+    GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q2_K_f32);
+    GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q3_K_f32);
+    GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_K_f32);
+    GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q5_K_f32);
+    GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(mul_mm_q6_K_f32);
     GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(rope);
     GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(alibi_f32);
     GGML_METAL_DECL_KERNEL(cpy_f32_f16);
@@ -103,13 +117,6 @@ struct ggml_metal_context * ggml_metal_init(int n_cb) {
     ctx->n_buffers = 0;
     ctx->concur_list_len = 0;
 
-    // determine if we can use MPS
-    if (MPSSupportsMTLDevice(ctx->device)) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: using MPS\n", __func__);
-    } else {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: not using MPS\n", __func__);
-        GGML_ASSERT(false && "MPS not supported");
-    }
 
 #if 0
     // compile from source string and show compile log
@@ -119,7 +126,7 @@ struct ggml_metal_context * ggml_metal_init(int n_cb) {
         ctx->library = [ctx->device newLibraryWithSource:msl_library_source options:nil error:&error];
         if (error) {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: %s\n", __func__, [[error description] UTF8String]);
-            exit(1);
+            return NULL;
         }
     }
 #else
@@ -137,7 +144,7 @@ struct ggml_metal_context * ggml_metal_init(int n_cb) {
         NSString * src  = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:path encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:&error];
         if (error) {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: %s\n", __func__, [[error description] UTF8String]);
-            exit(1);
+            return NULL;
         }
 
 #ifdef GGML_QKK_64
@@ -149,17 +156,22 @@ struct ggml_metal_context * ggml_metal_init(int n_cb) {
 #endif
         if (error) {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: %s\n", __func__, [[error description] UTF8String]);
-            exit(1);
+            return NULL;
         }
     }
 #endif
 
     // load kernels
     {
+        NSError * error = nil;
 #define GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(name) \
         ctx->function_##name = [ctx->library newFunctionWithName:@"kernel_"#name]; \
-        ctx->pipeline_##name = [ctx->device newComputePipelineStateWithFunction:ctx->function_##name error:nil]; \
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: loaded %-32s %16p\n", __func__, "kernel_"#name, (void *) ctx->pipeline_##name);
+        ctx->pipeline_##name = [ctx->device newComputePipelineStateWithFunction:ctx->function_##name error:&error]; \
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: loaded %-32s %16p\n", __func__, "kernel_"#name, (void *) ctx->pipeline_##name); \
+        if (error) { \
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: load pipeline error: %s\n", __func__, [[error description] UTF8String]); \
+            return NULL; \
+        }
 
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(add);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(add_row);
@@ -189,6 +201,14 @@ struct ggml_metal_context * ggml_metal_init(int n_cb) {
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mat_q4_K_f32);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mat_q5_K_f32);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mat_q6_K_f32);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_f16_f32);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_0_f32);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_1_f32);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q2_K_f32);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q3_K_f32);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q4_K_f32);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q5_K_f32);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(mul_mm_q6_K_f32);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(rope);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(alibi_f32);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(cpy_f32_f16);
@@ -217,15 +237,31 @@ void ggml_metal_free(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx) {
     free(ctx);
 }
 
+void * ggml_metal_host_malloc(size_t n) {
+    void * data = NULL;
+    const int result = posix_memalign((void **) &data, getpagesize(), n);
+    if (result != 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: posix_memalign failed\n", __func__);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+void ggml_metal_host_free(void * data) {
+    free(data);
+}
+
 void ggml_metal_set_n_cb(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx, int n_cb) {
     ctx->n_cb = n_cb;
 }
 
-bool ggml_metal_if_optimized(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx) {
-    if (ctx->concur_list_len) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    return false;
+int ggml_metal_if_optimized(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->concur_list_len;
+}
+
+int * ggml_metal_get_concur_list(struct ggml_metal_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->concur_list;
 }
 
 // finds the Metal buffer that contains the tensor data on the GPU device
@@ -368,17 +404,17 @@ void ggml_metal_get_tensor(
 
 void ggml_metal_graph_find_concurrency(
         struct ggml_metal_context * ctx,
-        struct ggml_cgraph * gf) {
+        struct ggml_cgraph * gf, bool check_mem) {
     int search_depth = gf->n_nodes; //we only find concurrency in this range to avoid wasting too much time
-    int nodes_unused[GGML_MAX_NODES];
+    int nodes_unused[GGML_MAX_CONCUR];
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_NODES; i++) {ctx->concur_list[i] = 0;}
-    for (int i = 0; i < gf->n_nodes; i++) {nodes_unused[i] = 1;}
+    for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_CONCUR; i++) { ctx->concur_list[i] = 0; }
+    for (int i = 0; i < gf->n_nodes;     i++) { nodes_unused[i]     = 1; }
     ctx->concur_list_len = 0;
 
-    int n_left = gf->n_nodes;
-    int n_start = 0; // all nodes before n_start at nodes_unused array have been sorted and store back to ctx->concur_list
-    int level_pos = 0;  // at ctx->concur_list, the last layer (level) ends at level_pos
+    int n_left    = gf->n_nodes;
+    int n_start   = 0; // all nodes before n_start at nodes_unused array have been sorted and store back to ctx->concur_list
+    int level_pos = 0; // at ctx->concur_list, the last layer (level) ends at level_pos
 
     while (n_left > 0) {
         // number of nodes at a layer (that can be issued concurrently)
@@ -386,28 +422,40 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_find_concurrency(
         for (int i = n_start; i < ((n_start + search_depth > gf->n_nodes) ? gf->n_nodes : n_start + search_depth); i++) {
             if (nodes_unused[i]) {
                 // if the requirements for gf->nodes[i] are satisfied
-                int exe_flag=1;
+                int exe_flag = 1;
+
                 // scan all srcs
                 for (int src_ind = 0; src_ind < GGML_MAX_SRC; src_ind++) {
                     struct ggml_tensor * src_cur = gf->nodes[i]->src[src_ind];
                     if (src_cur) {
                         // if is leaf nodes it's satisfied.
-                        if (src_cur->op == GGML_OP_NONE && src_cur->grad == NULL) {continue;}
+                        // TODO: ggml_is_leaf()
+                        if (src_cur->op == GGML_OP_NONE && src_cur->grad == NULL) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
 
                         // otherwise this src should be the output from previous nodes.
                         int is_found = 0;
+
                         // scan 2*search_depth back because we inserted barrier.
-                        for (int j = ((level_pos - 2*search_depth) < 0 ? 0 : (level_pos - 2*search_depth)); j < level_pos; j++) {
-                            if (gf->nodes[ctx->concur_list[j]] == src_cur) {is_found = 1; break;}
+                        //for (int j = ((level_pos - 2*search_depth) < 0 ? 0 : (level_pos - 2*search_depth)); j < level_pos; j++) {
+                        for (int j = MAX(0, level_pos - 2*search_depth); j < level_pos; j++) {
+                            if (ctx->concur_list[j] >= 0 && gf->nodes[ctx->concur_list[j]] == src_cur) {
+                                is_found = 1;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (is_found == 0) {
+                            exe_flag = 0;
+                            break;
                         }
-                        if (is_found == 0) {exe_flag = 0; break;}
                     }
                 }
-                if (exe_flag) {
+                if (exe_flag && check_mem) {
                     // check if nodes[i]'s data will be overwritten by a node before nodes[i].
                     // if node[5] and node[3] write to the same memory region, then we can't issue node[5] before node[3]
                     int64_t data_start = (int64_t) gf->nodes[i]->data;
-                    int64_t length = (int64_t) ggml_nbytes(gf->nodes[i]);
+                    int64_t length     = (int64_t) ggml_nbytes(gf->nodes[i]);
                     for (int j = n_start; j < i; j++) {
                         if (nodes_unused[j] && gf->nodes[j]->op != GGML_OP_RESHAPE \
                                             && gf->nodes[j]->op != GGML_OP_VIEW \
@@ -416,9 +464,9 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_find_concurrency(
                             if (((int64_t)gf->nodes[j]->data) >= data_start + length || \
                                 ((int64_t)gf->nodes[j]->data) + (int64_t) ggml_nbytes(gf->nodes[j]) <= data_start) {
                                 continue;
-                            } else {
-                                exe_flag = 0;
                             }
+
+                            exe_flag = 0;
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -435,11 +483,13 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_find_concurrency(
         ctx->concur_list[level_pos + concurrency] = -1;
         ctx->concur_list_len++;
         // jump all sorted nodes at nodes_bak
-        while (!nodes_unused[n_start]) {n_start++;}
+        while (!nodes_unused[n_start]) {
+            n_start++;
+        }
         level_pos += concurrency + 1;
     }
 
-    if (ctx->concur_list_len > GGML_MAX_NODES) {
+    if (ctx->concur_list_len > GGML_MAX_CONCUR) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: too many elements for metal ctx->concur_list!\n", __func__);
     }
 }
@@ -453,7 +503,7 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
     // else fallback to serial dispatch
     MTLComputePassDescriptor * edesc = MTLComputePassDescriptor.computePassDescriptor;
 
-    const bool has_concur = ctx->concur_list_len && ctx->concur_list_len <= GGML_MAX_NODES;
+    const bool has_concur = ctx->concur_list_len && ctx->concur_list_len <= GGML_MAX_CONCUR;
 
     const int n_nodes  = has_concur ? ctx->concur_list_len      : gf->n_nodes;
     edesc.dispatchType = has_concur ? MTLDispatchTypeConcurrent : MTLDispatchTypeSerial;
@@ -485,7 +535,7 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
 
             id<MTLCommandBuffer> command_buffer = command_buffers[cb_idx];
 
-            id<MTLComputeCommandEncoder> encoder = nil;
+            id<MTLComputeCommandEncoder> encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
 
             const int node_start =                                  (cb_idx + 0) * n_nodes_per_cb;
             const int node_end   = (cb_idx == n_cb - 1) ? n_nodes : (cb_idx + 1) * n_nodes_per_cb;
@@ -494,10 +544,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                 const int i = has_concur ? ctx->concur_list[ind] : ind;
 
                 if (i == -1) {
-                    if (encoder == nil) {
-                        encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                        continue;
-                    }
                     [encoder memoryBarrierWithScope:MTLBarrierScopeBuffers];
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -571,10 +617,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         } break;
                     case GGML_OP_ADD:
                         {
-                            if (encoder == nil) {
-                                encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                            }
-
                             if (ggml_nelements(src1) == ne10) {
                                 // src1 is a row
                                 [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_add_row];
@@ -592,10 +634,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         } break;
                     case GGML_OP_MUL:
                         {
-                            if (encoder == nil) {
-                                encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                            }
-
                             if (ggml_nelements(src1) == ne10) {
                                 // src1 is a row
                                 [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_mul_row];
@@ -613,10 +651,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         } break;
                     case GGML_OP_SCALE:
                         {
-                            if (encoder == nil) {
-                                encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                            }
-
                             const float scale = *(const float *) src1->data;
 
                             [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_scale];
@@ -632,10 +666,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         switch (ggml_get_unary_op(gf->nodes[i])) {
                             case GGML_UNARY_OP_SILU:
                                 {
-                                    if (encoder == nil) {
-                                        encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                                    }
-
                                     [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_silu];
                                     [encoder setBuffer:id_src0 offset:offs_src0 atIndex:0];
                                     [encoder setBuffer:id_dst  offset:offs_dst  atIndex:1];
@@ -646,10 +676,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                 } break;
                             case GGML_UNARY_OP_RELU:
                                 {
-                                    if (encoder == nil) {
-                                        encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                                    }
-
                                     [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_relu];
                                     [encoder setBuffer:id_src0 offset:offs_src0 atIndex:0];
                                     [encoder setBuffer:id_dst  offset:offs_dst  atIndex:1];
@@ -660,10 +686,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                 } break;
                             case GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU:
                                 {
-                                    if (encoder == nil) {
-                                        encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                                    }
-
                                     [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_gelu];
                                     [encoder setBuffer:id_src0 offset:offs_src0 atIndex:0];
                                     [encoder setBuffer:id_dst  offset:offs_dst  atIndex:1];
@@ -680,10 +702,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         } break;
                     case GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX:
                         {
-                            if (encoder == nil) {
-                                encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                            }
-
                             const int nth = 32;
 
                             [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_soft_max];
@@ -698,10 +716,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         } break;
                     case GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF:
                         {
-                            if (encoder == nil) {
-                                encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                            }
-
                             const int n_past = ((int32_t *)(dst->op_params))[0];
 
                             [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_diag_mask_inf];
@@ -718,53 +732,44 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                             // TODO: needs to be updated after PR: https://github.com/ggerganov/ggml/pull/224
 
                             GGML_ASSERT(ne00 == ne10);
-                            GGML_ASSERT(ne02 == ne12);
+                            // GGML_ASSERT(ne02 == ne12); // Should be checked on individual data types until broadcast is implemented everywhere
+                            uint gqa = ne12/ne02;
+                            GGML_ASSERT(ne03 == ne13);
 
+                            // for now the matrix-matrix multiplication kernel only works on A14+/M1+ SoCs
+                            // AMD GPU and older A-chips will reuse matrix-vector multiplication kernel
                             if (ggml_is_contiguous(src0) &&
                                 ggml_is_contiguous(src1) &&
-                                (src0t == GGML_TYPE_F32 || src0t == GGML_TYPE_F16) && ne11 > 1) {
-
-                                if (encoder != nil) {
-                                    [encoder endEncoding];
-                                    encoder = nil;
+                                src1t == GGML_TYPE_F32 &&
+                                [ctx->device supportsFamily:MTLGPUFamilyApple7] &&
+                                ne00%32 == 0 &&
+                                ne11 > 1) {
+                                    switch (src0->type) {
+                                        case GGML_TYPE_F16:  [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_mul_mm_f16_f32]; break;
+                                        case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0: [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_mul_mm_q4_0_f32]; break;
+                                        case GGML_TYPE_Q4_1: [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_mul_mm_q4_1_f32]; break;
+                                        case GGML_TYPE_Q2_K: [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_mul_mm_q2_K_f32]; break;
+                                        case GGML_TYPE_Q3_K: [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_mul_mm_q3_K_f32]; break;
+                                        case GGML_TYPE_Q4_K: [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_mul_mm_q4_K_f32]; break;
+                                        case GGML_TYPE_Q5_K: [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_mul_mm_q5_K_f32]; break;
+                                        case GGML_TYPE_Q6_K: [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_mul_mm_q6_K_f32]; break;
+                                        default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "MUL MAT-MAT not implemented");
+                                    }
+                                    [encoder setBuffer:id_src0 offset:offs_src0 atIndex:0];
+                                    [encoder setBuffer:id_src1 offset:offs_src1 atIndex:1];
+                                    [encoder setBuffer:id_dst  offset:offs_dst  atIndex:2];
+                                    [encoder setBytes:&ne00 length:sizeof(ne00) atIndex:3];
+                                    [encoder setBytes:&ne02 length:sizeof(ne02) atIndex:4];
+                                    [encoder setBytes:&nb01 length:sizeof(nb01) atIndex:5];
+                                    [encoder setBytes:&nb02 length:sizeof(nb02) atIndex:6];
+                                    [encoder setBytes:&ne12 length:sizeof(ne12) atIndex:7];
+                                    [encoder setBytes:&ne0 length:sizeof(ne0) atIndex:8];
+                                    [encoder setBytes:&ne1 length:sizeof(ne1) atIndex:9];
+                                    [encoder setBytes:&gqa length:sizeof(gqa) atIndex:10];
+                                    [encoder setThreadgroupMemoryLength:8192 atIndex:0];
+                                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake( (ne11+31)/32, (ne01+63) / 64, ne12) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(128, 1, 1)];
                                 }
-
-                                MPSDataType src0dt = src0t == GGML_TYPE_F32 ? MPSDataTypeFloat32 : MPSDataTypeFloat16;
-                                MPSDataType src1dt = src1t == GGML_TYPE_F32 ? MPSDataTypeFloat32 : MPSDataTypeFloat16;
-
-                                // for F32 x F32 we use MPS
-                                MPSMatrixDescriptor * desc0 = [MPSMatrixDescriptor
-                                    matrixDescriptorWithRows:ne01 columns:ne00 rowBytes:src0->nb[1] dataType:src0dt];
-
-                                MPSMatrixDescriptor * desc1 = [MPSMatrixDescriptor
-                                    matrixDescriptorWithRows:ne11 columns:ne10 rowBytes:src1->nb[1] dataType:src1dt];
-
-                                MPSMatrixDescriptor * desc  = [MPSMatrixDescriptor
-                                    matrixDescriptorWithRows:ne1 columns:ne0 rowBytes:dst->nb[1] dataType:MPSDataTypeFloat32];
-
-                                MPSMatrixMultiplication * mul = [[MPSMatrixMultiplication alloc]
-                                    initWithDevice:ctx->device transposeLeft:false transposeRight:true
-                                        resultRows:ne11 resultColumns:ne01 interiorColumns:ne00 alpha:1.0 beta:0.0];
-
-                                // we need to do ne02 multiplications
-                                // TODO: is there a way to do this in parallel - currently very slow ..
-                                // TODO: might be possible to offload part of the computation to ANE using Accelerate's CBLAS
-                                for (int64_t i02 = 0; i02 < ne02; ++i02) {
-                                    size_t offs_src0_cur = offs_src0 + i02*nb02;
-                                    size_t offs_src1_cur = offs_src1 + i02*nb12;
-                                    size_t offs_dst_cur  = offs_dst  + i02*nb2;
-
-                                    MPSMatrix * mat_src0 = [[MPSMatrix alloc] initWithBuffer:id_src0 offset:offs_src0_cur descriptor:desc0];
-                                    MPSMatrix * mat_src1 = [[MPSMatrix alloc] initWithBuffer:id_src1 offset:offs_src1_cur descriptor:desc1];
-                                    MPSMatrix * mat_dst  = [[MPSMatrix alloc] initWithBuffer:id_dst  offset:offs_dst_cur  descriptor:desc ];
-
-                                    [mul encodeToCommandBuffer:command_buffer leftMatrix:mat_src1 rightMatrix:mat_src0 resultMatrix:mat_dst];
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                if (encoder == nil) {
-                                    encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                                }
-
+                            else {
                                 int nth0 = 32;
                                 int nth1 = 1;
 
@@ -772,8 +777,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                 switch (src0t) {
                                     case GGML_TYPE_F16:
                                         {
-                                            GGML_ASSERT(ne02 == ne12);
-
                                             nth0 = 64;
                                             nth1 = 1;
                                             [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_mul_mat_f16_f32];
@@ -853,33 +856,36 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                 [encoder setBuffer:id_dst  offset:offs_dst  atIndex:2];
                                 [encoder setBytes:&ne00 length:sizeof(ne00) atIndex:3];
                                 [encoder setBytes:&ne01 length:sizeof(ne01) atIndex:4];
-                                [encoder setBytes:&nb00 length:sizeof(nb00) atIndex:5];
-                                [encoder setBytes:&nb01 length:sizeof(nb01) atIndex:6];
-                                [encoder setBytes:&nb02 length:sizeof(nb02) atIndex:7];
-                                [encoder setBytes:&ne10 length:sizeof(ne10) atIndex:8];
-                                [encoder setBytes:&ne11 length:sizeof(ne11) atIndex:9];
-                                [encoder setBytes:&nb10 length:sizeof(nb10) atIndex:10];
-                                [encoder setBytes:&nb11 length:sizeof(nb11) atIndex:11];
-                                [encoder setBytes:&nb12 length:sizeof(nb12) atIndex:12];
-                                [encoder setBytes:&ne0  length:sizeof(ne0)  atIndex:13];
-                                [encoder setBytes:&ne1  length:sizeof(ne1)  atIndex:14];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&ne02 length:sizeof(ne02) atIndex:5];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&nb00 length:sizeof(nb00) atIndex:6];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&nb01 length:sizeof(nb01) atIndex:7];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&nb02 length:sizeof(nb02) atIndex:8];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&ne10 length:sizeof(ne10) atIndex:9];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&ne11 length:sizeof(ne11) atIndex:10];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&ne12 length:sizeof(ne12) atIndex:11];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&nb10 length:sizeof(nb10) atIndex:12];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&nb11 length:sizeof(nb11) atIndex:13];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&nb12 length:sizeof(nb12) atIndex:14];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&ne0  length:sizeof(ne0)  atIndex:15];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&ne1  length:sizeof(ne1)  atIndex:16];
+                                [encoder setBytes:&gqa length:sizeof(gqa) atIndex:17];
 
                                 if (src0t == GGML_TYPE_Q4_0 || src0t == GGML_TYPE_Q4_1 ||
                                     src0t == GGML_TYPE_Q2_K || src0t == GGML_TYPE_Q4_K) {
-                                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake((ne01 + 7) / 8, ne11, 1) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(nth0, nth1, 1)];
+                                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake((ne01 + 7) / 8, ne11, ne12) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(nth0, nth1, 1)];
                                 }
                                 else if (src0t == GGML_TYPE_Q3_K) {
 #ifdef GGML_QKK_64
-                                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake((ne01+1)/2, ne11, 1) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(nth0, nth1, 1)];
+                                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake((ne01+1)/2, ne11, ne12) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(nth0, nth1, 1)];
 #else
-                                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake((ne01+3)/4, ne11, 1) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(nth0, nth1, 1)];
+                                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake((ne01+3)/4, ne11, ne12) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(nth0, nth1, 1)];
 #endif
                                 }
                                 else if (src0t == GGML_TYPE_Q5_K) {
-                                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake((ne01 + 3) / 4, ne11, 1) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(nth0, nth1, 1)];
+                                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake((ne01 + 3) / 4, ne11, ne12) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(nth0, nth1, 1)];
                                 }
                                 else if (src0t == GGML_TYPE_Q6_K) {
-                                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake((ne01+1)/2, ne11, 1) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(nth0, nth1, 1)];
+                                    [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake((ne01+1)/2, ne11, ne12) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(nth0, nth1, 1)];
                                 } else {
                                     [encoder setThreadgroupMemoryLength:nth0*sizeof(float) atIndex:0];
                                     [encoder dispatchThreadgroups:MTLSizeMake(ne01, ne11, ne12) threadsPerThreadgroup:MTLSizeMake(nth0, nth1, 1)];
@@ -888,10 +894,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         } break;
                     case GGML_OP_GET_ROWS:
                         {
-                            if (encoder == nil) {
-                                encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                            }
-
                             switch (src0->type) {
                                 case GGML_TYPE_F16:  [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_get_rows_f16]; break;
                                 case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0: [encoder setComputePipelineState:ctx->pipeline_get_rows_q4_0]; break;
@@ -917,10 +919,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         } break;
                     case GGML_OP_RMS_NORM:
                         {
-                            if (encoder == nil) {
-                                encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                            }
-
                             float eps;
                             memcpy(&eps, dst->op_params, sizeof(float));
 
@@ -940,10 +938,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         } break;
                     case GGML_OP_NORM:
                         {
-                            if (encoder == nil) {
-                                encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                            }
-
                             const float eps = 1e-5f;
 
                             const int nth = 256;
@@ -962,10 +956,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         } break;
                     case GGML_OP_ALIBI:
                         {
-                            if (encoder == nil) {
-                                encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                            }
-
                             GGML_ASSERT((src0t == GGML_TYPE_F32));
 
                             const int n_past = ((int32_t *) dst->op_params)[0]; UNUSED(n_past);
@@ -1005,10 +995,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                         } break;
                     case GGML_OP_ROPE:
                         {
-                            if (encoder == nil) {
-                                encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                            }
-
                             const int n_past = ((int32_t *) dst->op_params)[0];
                             const int n_dims = ((int32_t *) dst->op_params)[1];
                             const int mode   = ((int32_t *) dst->op_params)[2];
@@ -1049,10 +1035,6 @@ void ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                     case GGML_OP_CPY:
                     case GGML_OP_CONT:
                         {
-                            if (encoder == nil) {
-                                encoder = [command_buffer computeCommandEncoderWithDescriptor: edesc];
-                            }
-
                             const int nth = 32;
 
                             switch (src0t) {

ggml.h

@@ -183,6 +183,15 @@
 #    define GGML_API
 #endif
 
+// TODO: support for clang
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#    define GGML_DEPRECATED(func, hint) func __attribute__((deprecated(hint)))
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    define GGML_DEPRECATED(func, hint) __declspec(deprecated(hint)) func
+#else
+#    define GGML_DEPRECATED(func, hint) func
+#endif
+
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
@@ -198,7 +207,7 @@
 #define GGML_MAX_PARAMS        256
 #define GGML_MAX_CONTEXTS      64
 #define GGML_MAX_SRC           6
-#define GGML_MAX_NAME          48
+#define GGML_MAX_NAME          64
 #define GGML_MAX_OP_PARAMS     32
 #define GGML_DEFAULT_N_THREADS 4
 
@@ -206,6 +215,11 @@
 #define GGML_EXIT_SUCCESS 0
 #define GGML_EXIT_ABORTED 1
 
+#define GGUF_MAGIC   0x46554747 // "GGUF"
+#define GGUF_VERSION 1
+
+#define GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT 32
+
 #define GGML_UNUSED(x) (void)(x)
 
 #define GGML_PAD(x, n) (((x) + (n) - 1) & ~((n) - 1))
@@ -246,8 +260,9 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __ARM_NEON
-    // we use the built-in 16-bit float type
+#if defined(__ARM_NEON) && defined(__CUDACC__)
+    typedef half ggml_fp16_t;
+#elif defined(__ARM_NEON)
     typedef __fp16 ggml_fp16_t;
 #else
     typedef uint16_t ggml_fp16_t;
@@ -331,10 +346,12 @@ extern "C" {
         GGML_OP_ARGMAX,
         GGML_OP_REPEAT,
         GGML_OP_REPEAT_BACK,
+        GGML_OP_CONCAT,
         GGML_OP_SILU_BACK,
         GGML_OP_NORM, // normalize
         GGML_OP_RMS_NORM,
         GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK,
+        GGML_OP_GROUP_NORM,
 
         GGML_OP_MUL_MAT,
         GGML_OP_OUT_PROD,
@@ -360,20 +377,29 @@ extern "C" {
         GGML_OP_CLAMP,
         GGML_OP_CONV_1D,
         GGML_OP_CONV_2D,
+        GGML_OP_CONV_TRANSPOSE_2D,
         GGML_OP_POOL_1D,
         GGML_OP_POOL_2D,
 
+        GGML_OP_UPSCALE, // nearest interpolate
+
         GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN,
         GGML_OP_FLASH_FF,
         GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN_BACK,
         GGML_OP_WIN_PART,
         GGML_OP_WIN_UNPART,
+        GGML_OP_GET_REL_POS,
+        GGML_OP_ADD_REL_POS,
 
         GGML_OP_UNARY,
 
         GGML_OP_MAP_UNARY,
         GGML_OP_MAP_BINARY,
 
+        GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM1_F32,
+        GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM2_F32,
+        GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM3_F32,
+
         GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM1,
         GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM2,
         GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM3,
@@ -549,6 +575,7 @@ extern "C" {
     GGML_API int64_t ggml_nelements   (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
     GGML_API int64_t ggml_nrows       (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
     GGML_API size_t  ggml_nbytes      (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API size_t  ggml_nbytes_pad  (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor); // same as ggml_nbytes() but padded to GGML_MEM_ALIGN
     GGML_API size_t  ggml_nbytes_split(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int nrows_split);
 
     GGML_API int     ggml_blck_size (enum ggml_type type);
@@ -570,6 +597,8 @@ extern "C" {
     GGML_API bool ggml_is_contiguous(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
     GGML_API bool ggml_is_permuted  (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
 
+    GGML_API bool ggml_are_same_shape(const struct ggml_tensor * t0, const struct ggml_tensor * t1);
+
     // use this to compute the memory overhead of a tensor
     GGML_API size_t ggml_tensor_overhead(void);
 
@@ -784,6 +813,13 @@ extern "C" {
             struct ggml_tensor  * a,
             struct ggml_tensor  * b);
 
+    // concat a and b on dim 2
+    // used in stable-diffusion
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_concat(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b);
+
     GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_abs(
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor  * a);
@@ -892,6 +928,19 @@ extern "C" {
             struct ggml_tensor  * a,
             float                 eps);
 
+    // group normalize along ne0*ne1*n_groups
+    // used in stable-diffusion
+    // TODO: eps is hardcoded to 1e-6 for now
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_group_norm(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   n_groups);
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_group_norm_inplace(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   n_groups);
+
     // a - x
     // b - dy
     // TODO: update with configurable eps
@@ -1192,6 +1241,15 @@ extern "C" {
             float                 freq_base,
             float                 freq_scale);
 
+    // xPos RoPE, in-place, returns view(a)
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_rope_xpos_inplace(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   n_past,
+            int                   n_dims,
+            float                 base,
+            bool                  down);
+
     // rotary position embedding backward, i.e compute dx from dy
     // a - dy
     GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_rope_back(
@@ -1200,7 +1258,11 @@ extern "C" {
             int                   n_past,
             int                   n_dims,
             int                   mode,
-            int                   n_ctx);
+            int                   n_ctx,
+            float                 freq_base,
+            float                 freq_scale,
+            float                 xpos_base,
+            bool                  xpos_down);
 
     // alibi position embedding
     // in-place, returns view(a)
@@ -1227,6 +1289,15 @@ extern "C" {
             int                   p0,  // padding
             int                   d0); // dilation
 
+    // conv_1d with padding = half
+    // alias for ggml_conv_1d(a, b, s, a->ne[0]/2, d)
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor* ggml_conv_1d_ph(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                   s,
+            int                   d);
+
     GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_2d(
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor  * a,
@@ -1238,14 +1309,38 @@ extern "C" {
             int                   d0,
             int                   d1);
 
-    // conv_1d with padding = half
-    // alias for ggml_conv_1d(a, b, s, a->ne[0]/2, d)
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor* ggml_conv_1d_ph(
+
+    // kernel size is a->ne[0] x a->ne[1]
+    // stride is equal to kernel size
+    // padding is zero
+    // example:
+    // a:     16   16    3  768
+    // b:   1024 1024    3    1
+    // res:   64   64  768    1
+    // used in sam
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_2d_sk_p0(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    // kernel size is a->ne[0] x a->ne[1]
+    // stride is 1
+    // padding is half
+    // example:
+    // a:      3    3    256  256
+    // b:     64   64    256    1
+    // res:   64   64    256    1
+    // used in sam
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_2d_s1_ph(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_transpose_2d_p0(
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor  * a,
             struct ggml_tensor  * b,
-            int                   s,
-            int                   d);
+            int                   stride);
 
     enum ggml_op_pool {
         GGML_OP_POOL_MAX,
@@ -1253,7 +1348,7 @@ extern "C" {
         GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT,
     };
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor* ggml_pool_1d(
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_pool_1d(
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor  * a,
             enum ggml_op_pool     op,
@@ -1261,7 +1356,7 @@ extern "C" {
             int                   s0, // stride
             int                   p0); // padding
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor* ggml_pool_2d(
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_pool_2d(
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor  * a,
             enum ggml_op_pool     op,
@@ -1272,6 +1367,13 @@ extern "C" {
             int                   p0,
             int                   p1);
 
+    // nearest interpolate
+    // used in stable-diffusion
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_upscale(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   scale_factor);
+
     GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_flash_attn(
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor  * q,
@@ -1315,15 +1417,6 @@ extern "C" {
             int                   h0,
             int                   w);
 
-    // custom operators
-
-    typedef void (*ggml_unary_op_f32_t) (const int, float *, const float *);
-    typedef void (*ggml_binary_op_f32_t)(const int, float *, const float *, const float *);
-
-    typedef void (*ggml_custom1_op_f32_t)(struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *);
-    typedef void (*ggml_custom2_op_f32_t)(struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *);
-    typedef void (*ggml_custom3_op_f32_t)(struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *);
-
     GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_unary(
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
              struct ggml_tensor * a,
@@ -1334,63 +1427,159 @@ extern "C" {
         struct ggml_tensor  * a,
         enum ggml_unary_op op);
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_unary_f32(
+    // used in sam
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_get_rel_pos(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   qh,
+            int                   kh);
+
+    // used in sam
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add_rel_pos(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * pw,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * ph);
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add_rel_pos_inplace(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * pw,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * ph);
+
+    // custom operators
+
+    typedef void (*ggml_unary_op_f32_t) (const int, float *, const float *);
+    typedef void (*ggml_binary_op_f32_t)(const int, float *, const float *, const float *);
+
+    typedef void (*ggml_custom1_op_f32_t)(struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *);
+    typedef void (*ggml_custom2_op_f32_t)(struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *);
+    typedef void (*ggml_custom3_op_f32_t)(struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *);
+
+    GGML_DEPRECATED(GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_unary_f32(
             struct ggml_context        * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor         * a,
-                   ggml_unary_op_f32_t   fun);
+                   ggml_unary_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use ggml_map_custom1 instead");
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_unary_inplace_f32(
+    GGML_DEPRECATED(GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_unary_inplace_f32(
             struct ggml_context        * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor         * a,
-                   ggml_unary_op_f32_t   fun);
+                   ggml_unary_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use ggml_map_custom1_inplace instead");
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_binary_f32(
+    GGML_DEPRECATED(GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_binary_f32(
             struct ggml_context         * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor          * a,
             struct ggml_tensor          * b,
-                   ggml_binary_op_f32_t   fun);
+                   ggml_binary_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use ggml_map_custom2 instead");
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_binary_inplace_f32(
+    GGML_DEPRECATED(GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_binary_inplace_f32(
             struct ggml_context         * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor          * a,
             struct ggml_tensor          * b,
-                   ggml_binary_op_f32_t   fun);
+                   ggml_binary_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use ggml_map_custom2_inplace instead");
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom1_f32(
+    GGML_DEPRECATED(GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom1_f32(
             struct ggml_context          * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor           * a,
-                   ggml_custom1_op_f32_t   fun);
+                   ggml_custom1_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use ggml_map_custom1 instead");
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom1_inplace_f32(
+    GGML_DEPRECATED(GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom1_inplace_f32(
             struct ggml_context          * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor           * a,
-                   ggml_custom1_op_f32_t   fun);
+                   ggml_custom1_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use ggml_map_custom1_inplace instead");
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom2_f32(
+    GGML_DEPRECATED(GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom2_f32(
             struct ggml_context          * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor           * a,
             struct ggml_tensor           * b,
-                   ggml_custom2_op_f32_t   fun);
+                   ggml_custom2_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use ggml_map_custom2 instead");
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom2_inplace_f32(
+    GGML_DEPRECATED(GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom2_inplace_f32(
             struct ggml_context          * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor           * a,
             struct ggml_tensor           * b,
-                   ggml_custom2_op_f32_t   fun);
+                   ggml_custom2_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use ggml_map_custom2_inplace instead");
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom3_f32(
+    GGML_DEPRECATED(GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom3_f32(
             struct ggml_context          * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor           * a,
             struct ggml_tensor           * b,
             struct ggml_tensor           * c,
-                   ggml_custom3_op_f32_t   fun);
+                   ggml_custom3_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use ggml_map_custom3 instead");
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom3_inplace_f32(
+    GGML_DEPRECATED(GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom3_inplace_f32(
             struct ggml_context          * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor           * a,
             struct ggml_tensor           * b,
             struct ggml_tensor           * c,
-                   ggml_custom3_op_f32_t   fun);
+                   ggml_custom3_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use ggml_map_custom3_inplace instead");
+
+    // custom operators v2
+
+    typedef void (*ggml_custom1_op_t)(struct ggml_tensor * dst , const struct ggml_tensor * a, int ith, int nth, void * userdata);
+    typedef void (*ggml_custom2_op_t)(struct ggml_tensor * dst , const struct ggml_tensor * a, const struct ggml_tensor * b, int ith, int nth, void * userdata);
+    typedef void (*ggml_custom3_op_t)(struct ggml_tensor * dst , const struct ggml_tensor * a, const struct ggml_tensor * b, const struct ggml_tensor * c, int ith, int nth, void * userdata);
+
+    #define GGML_N_TASKS_MAX -1
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom1(
+            struct ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * a,
+            ggml_custom1_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom1_inplace(
+            struct ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * a,
+            ggml_custom1_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom2(
+            struct ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * b,
+            ggml_custom2_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom2_inplace(
+            struct ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * b,
+            ggml_custom2_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom3(
+            struct ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * b,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * c,
+            ggml_custom3_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom3_inplace(
+            struct ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * a,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * b,
+            struct ggml_tensor    * c,
+            ggml_custom3_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
 
     // loss function
 
@@ -1622,6 +1811,118 @@ extern "C" {
 
     GGML_API size_t ggml_quantize_chunk(enum ggml_type type, const float * src, void * dst, int start, int n, int64_t * hist);
 
+    //
+    // gguf
+    //
+
+    enum gguf_type {
+        GGUF_TYPE_UINT8   = 0,
+        GGUF_TYPE_INT8    = 1,
+        GGUF_TYPE_UINT16  = 2,
+        GGUF_TYPE_INT16   = 3,
+        GGUF_TYPE_UINT32  = 4,
+        GGUF_TYPE_INT32   = 5,
+        GGUF_TYPE_FLOAT32 = 6,
+        GGUF_TYPE_BOOL    = 7,
+        GGUF_TYPE_STRING  = 8,
+        GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY   = 9,
+        GGUF_TYPE_COUNT,       // marks the end of the enum
+    };
+
+    struct gguf_context;
+
+    struct gguf_init_params {
+        bool no_alloc;
+
+        // if not NULL, create a ggml_context and allocate the tensor data in it
+        struct ggml_context ** ctx;
+    };
+
+    GGML_API struct gguf_context * gguf_init_empty(void);
+    GGML_API struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_params params);
+    //GGML_API struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_buffer(..);
+
+    GGML_API void gguf_free(struct gguf_context * ctx);
+
+    GGML_API const char * gguf_type_name(enum gguf_type type);
+
+    GGML_API int    gguf_get_version    (struct gguf_context * ctx);
+    GGML_API size_t gguf_get_alignment  (struct gguf_context * ctx);
+    GGML_API size_t gguf_get_data_offset(struct gguf_context * ctx);
+    GGML_API void * gguf_get_data       (struct gguf_context * ctx);
+
+    GGML_API int          gguf_get_n_kv(struct gguf_context * ctx);
+    GGML_API int          gguf_find_key(struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key);
+    GGML_API const char * gguf_get_key (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+
+    GGML_API enum gguf_type gguf_get_kv_type (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API enum gguf_type gguf_get_arr_type(struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+
+    // results are undefined if the wrong type is used for the key
+    GGML_API uint8_t      gguf_get_val_u8  (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API int8_t       gguf_get_val_i8  (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API uint16_t     gguf_get_val_u16 (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API int16_t      gguf_get_val_i16 (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API uint32_t     gguf_get_val_u32 (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API int32_t      gguf_get_val_i32 (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API float        gguf_get_val_f32 (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API bool         gguf_get_val_bool(struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API const char * gguf_get_val_str (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API int          gguf_get_arr_n   (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API const void * gguf_get_arr_data(struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API const char * gguf_get_arr_str (struct gguf_context * ctx, int key_id, int i);
+
+    GGML_API int    gguf_get_n_tensors    (struct gguf_context * ctx);
+    GGML_API int    gguf_find_tensor      (struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * name);
+    GGML_API size_t gguf_get_tensor_offset(struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    GGML_API char * gguf_get_tensor_name  (struct gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+
+    // overrides existing values or adds a new one
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_val_u8  (struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, uint8_t  val);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_val_i8  (struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, int8_t   val);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_val_u16 (struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, uint16_t val);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_val_i16 (struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, int16_t  val);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_val_u32 (struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, uint32_t val);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_val_i32 (struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, int32_t  val);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_val_f32 (struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, float    val);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_val_bool(struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, bool     val);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_val_str (struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, const char * val);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_arr_data(struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, enum gguf_type type, const void * data, int n);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_arr_str (struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, const char ** data, int n);
+
+    // set or add KV pairs from another context
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_kv(struct gguf_context * ctx, struct gguf_context * src);
+
+    // manage tensor info
+    GGML_API void gguf_add_tensor(struct gguf_context * ctx, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_tensor_type(struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * name, enum ggml_type type);
+    GGML_API void gguf_set_tensor_data(struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * name, const void * data, size_t size);
+
+    // writing gguf files can be done in 2 ways:
+    //
+    // - write the entire gguf_context to a binary file in a single pass:
+    //
+    //   gguf_write_to_file(ctx, fname);
+    //
+    // - first prepare a file with a placeholder for the meta data, write the tensor data, then write the meta data:
+    //
+    //   FILE * f = fopen(fname, "wb");
+    //   fseek(f, gguf_get_meta_size(ctx), SEEK_SET);
+    //   fwrite(f, ...);
+    //   void * data = gguf_meta_get_meta_data(ctx);
+    //   fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    //   fwrite(f, data, gguf_get_meta_size(ctx));
+    //   free(data);
+    //   fclose(f);
+    //
+
+    // write the entire context to a binary file
+    GGML_API void gguf_write_to_file(struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * fname, bool only_meta);
+
+    // get the size in bytes of the meta data (header, kv pairs, tensor info) including padding
+    GGML_API size_t gguf_get_meta_size(struct gguf_context * ctx);
+    GGML_API void   gguf_get_meta_data(struct gguf_context * ctx, void * data);
+
     //
     // system info
     //
@@ -1659,6 +1960,10 @@ extern "C" {
     typedef void (*ggml_vec_dot_t)   (const int n, float * GGML_RESTRICT s, const void * GGML_RESTRICT x, const void * GGML_RESTRICT y);
 
     typedef struct {
+        const char      * type_name;
+        int               blck_size;
+        size_t            type_size;
+        bool              is_quantized;
         ggml_to_float_t   to_float;
         ggml_from_float_t from_float;
         ggml_from_float_t from_float_reference;
@@ -1666,7 +1971,7 @@ extern "C" {
         enum ggml_type    vec_dot_type;
     } ggml_type_traits_t;
 
-    ggml_type_traits_t ggml_internal_get_type_traits(enum ggml_type i);
+    ggml_type_traits_t ggml_internal_get_type_traits(enum ggml_type type);
 
 #ifdef  __cplusplus
 }

gguf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,722 @@
+import shutil
+import sys
+import struct
+import tempfile
+import numpy as np
+
+from enum import IntEnum, auto
+from typing import Any, IO, List, Optional
+
+#
+# constants
+#
+
+GGUF_MAGIC             = 0x46554747
+GGUF_VERSION           = 1
+GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT = 32
+
+# general
+KEY_GENERAL_ARCHITECTURE         = "general.architecture"
+KEY_GENERAL_QUANTIZATION_VERSION = "general.quantization_version"
+KEY_GENERAL_ALIGNMENT            = "general.alignment"
+KEY_GENERAL_NAME                 = "general.name"
+KEY_GENERAL_AUTHOR               = "general.author"
+KEY_GENERAL_URL                  = "general.url"
+KEY_GENERAL_DESCRIPTION          = "general.description"
+KEY_GENERAL_LICENSE              = "general.license"
+KEY_GENERAL_SOURCE_URL           = "general.source.url"
+KEY_GENERAL_SOURCE_HF_REPO       = "general.source.hugginface.repository"
+KEY_GENERAL_FILE_TYPE            = "general.file_type"
+
+# LLM
+KEY_LLM_CONTEXT_LENGTH        = "{arch}.context_length"
+KEY_LLM_EMBEDDING_LENGTH      = "{arch}.embedding_length"
+KEY_LLM_BLOCK_COUNT           = "{arch}.block_count"
+KEY_LLM_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH   = "{arch}.feed_forward_length"
+KEY_LLM_USE_PARALLEL_RESIDUAL = "{arch}.use_parallel_residual"
+KEY_LLM_TENSOR_DATA_LAYOUT    = "{arch}.tensor_data_layout"
+
+# attention
+KEY_ATTENTION_HEAD_COUNT        = "{arch}.attention.head_count"
+KEY_ATTENTION_HEAD_COUNT_KV     = "{arch}.attention.head_count_kv"
+KEY_ATTENTION_MAX_ALIBI_BIAS    = "{arch}.attention.max_alibi_bias"
+KEY_ATTENTION_CLAMP_KQV         = "{arch}.attention.clamp_kqv"
+KEY_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_EPS     = "{arch}.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"
+KEY_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_RMS_EPS = "{arch}.attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"
+
+# RoPE
+KEY_ROPE_DIMENSION_COUNT = "{arch}.rope.dimension_count"
+KEY_ROPE_SCALE_LINEAR    = "{arch}.rope.scale_linear"
+
+# tokenization
+KEY_TOKENIZER_MODEL      = "tokenizer.ggml.model"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_LIST       = "tokenizer.ggml.tokens"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_TOKEN_TYPE = "tokenizer.ggml.token_type"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_SCORES     = "tokenizer.ggml.scores"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_MERGES     = "tokenizer.ggml.merges"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_BOS_ID     = "tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_EOS_ID     = "tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_UNK_ID     = "tokenizer.ggml.unknown_token_id"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_SEP_ID     = "tokenizer.ggml.seperator_token_id"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_PAD_ID     = "tokenizer.ggml.padding_token_id"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_HF_JSON    = "tokenizer.huggingface.json"
+KEY_TOKENIZER_RWKV       = "tokenizer.rwkv.world"
+
+
+#
+# recommended mapping of model tensor names for storage in gguf
+#
+
+
+class MODEL_ARCH(IntEnum):
+    LLAMA   = auto()
+    FALCON  = auto()
+    GPT2    = auto()
+    GPTJ    = auto()
+    GPTNEOX = auto()
+    MPT     = auto()
+
+
+class MODEL_TENSOR(IntEnum):
+    TOKEN_EMBD    = auto()
+    POS_EMBD      = auto()
+    OUTPUT        = auto()
+    OUTPUT_NORM   = auto()
+    ROPE_FREQS    = auto()
+    ATTN_Q        = auto()
+    ATTN_K        = auto()
+    ATTN_V        = auto()
+    ATTN_QKV      = auto()
+    ATTN_OUT      = auto()
+    ATTN_NORM     = auto()
+    ATTN_NORM_2   = auto()
+    ATTN_ROT_EMBD = auto()
+    FFN_GATE      = auto()
+    FFN_DOWN      = auto()
+    FFN_UP        = auto()
+    FFN_NORM      = auto()
+
+
+MODEL_ARCH_NAMES = {
+    MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA:   "llama",
+    MODEL_ARCH.FALCON:  "falcon",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPT2:    "gpt2",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPTJ:    "gptj",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPTNEOX: "gptneox",
+    MODEL_ARCH.MPT:     "mpt",
+}
+
+MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES = {
+    MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA: {
+        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD:    "token_embd",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM:   "output_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT:        "output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FREQS:    "rope_freqs",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM:     "blk.{bid}.attn_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q:        "blk.{bid}.attn_q",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_K:        "blk.{bid}.attn_k",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_V:        "blk.{bid}.attn_v",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT:      "blk.{bid}.attn_output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_ROT_EMBD: "blk.{bid}.attn_rot_embd",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_NORM:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_gate",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_down",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP:        "blk.{bid}.ffn_up",
+    },
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPTNEOX: {
+        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD:    "token_embd",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM:   "output_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT:        "output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM:     "blk.{bid}.attn_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_QKV:      "blk.{bid}.attn_qkv",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT:      "blk.{bid}.attn_output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_NORM:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_down",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP:        "blk.{bid}.ffn_up",
+    },
+    MODEL_ARCH.FALCON: {
+        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD:  "token_embd",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM: "output_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT:      "output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM:   "blk.{bid}.attn_norm",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM_2: "blk.{bid}.attn_norm_2",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_QKV:    "blk.{bid}.attn_qkv",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT:    "blk.{bid}.attn_output",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN:    "blk.{bid}.ffn_down",
+        MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP:      "blk.{bid}.ffn_up",
+    },
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPT2: {
+        # TODO
+    },
+    # TODO
+}
+
+# tensors that will not be serialized
+MODEL_TENSOR_SKIP = {
+    MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA: [
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FREQS,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_ROT_EMBD,
+    ],
+}
+
+
+# TODO: the following helper functions should be removed
+#       instead, get_tensor_name_map should return tuples of (name, MODEL_TENSOR)
+#       however, my Python is very bad, and I couldn't figure out how to do this, hence these functions
+# REMOVE
+def should_skip_tensor_TMP(arch: MODEL_ARCH, n_blocks: int, name: str) -> bool:
+    for skip in MODEL_TENSOR_SKIP.get(arch, []):
+        for i in range(n_blocks):
+            if name == MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch][skip].format(bid=i):
+                return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def get_tensor_name_map(arch: MODEL_ARCH, n_blocks: int) -> dict:
+    tensor_map = {}
+
+    # Token embeddings
+    mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD, None)
+
+    tensor_map["gpt_neox.embed_in"]           = mapped_to  # gptneox
+    tensor_map["transformer.wte"]             = mapped_to  # gpt2 mpt
+    tensor_map["transformer.word_embeddings"] = mapped_to  # falcon
+    tensor_map["model.embed_tokens"]          = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+    tensor_map["tok_embeddings"]              = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+    # Position embeddings
+    mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.POS_EMBD, None)
+
+    tensor_map["transformer.wpe"] = mapped_to  # gpt2
+
+    # Output
+    mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT, None)
+
+    tensor_map["embed_out"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+    tensor_map["lm_head"]   = mapped_to  # gpt2 mpt falcon llama-hf
+    tensor_map["output"]    = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+    # Output norm
+    mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM, None)
+
+    tensor_map["gpt_neox.final_layer_norm"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+    tensor_map["transformer.ln_f"]          = mapped_to  # gpt2 falcon
+    tensor_map["transformer.norm_f"]        = mapped_to  # mpt
+    tensor_map["model.norm"]                = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+    tensor_map["norm"]                      = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+    # Rope frequencies
+    mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FREQS, None)
+
+    tensor_map["rope.freqs"] = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+    # Attention and feed-forward blocks
+    for i in range(0, n_blocks):
+        # Attention norm
+        # TODO: is there are simpler way to write these 2 lines in Python?
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".input_layernorm"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".ln_1"]              = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".norm_1"]       = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".input_layernorm"]   = mapped_to  # falcon7b
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".ln_mlp"]            = mapped_to  # falcon40b
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".input_layernorm"]    = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention_norm"]           = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Attention norm 2
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_NORM_2, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".ln_attn"] = mapped_to  # falcon40b
+
+        # Attention query-key-value
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_QKV, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".attention.query_key_value"]    = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".attn.c_attn"]                    = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".attn.Wqkv"]                 = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".self_attention.query_key_value"] = mapped_to  # falcon
+
+        # Attention query
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_Q, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".self_attn.q_proj"] = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention.wq"]           = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Attention key
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_K, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".self_attn.k_proj"] = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention.wk"]           = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Attention value
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_V, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".self_attn.v_proj"] = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention.wv"]           = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Attention output
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_OUT, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".attention.dense"]    = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".attn.c_proj"]          = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".attn.out_proj"]   = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".self_attention.dense"] = mapped_to  # falcon
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".self_attn.o_proj"]      = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention.wo"]                = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Rotary embeddings
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.ATTN_ROT_EMBD, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".self_attn.rotary_emb.inv_freq"]  = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".attention.inner_attention.rope.freqs"] = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Feed-forward norm
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_NORM, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".post_attention_layernorm"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".ln_2"]                       = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".norm_2"]                = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".post_attention_layernorm"]    = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".ffn_norm"]                          = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Feed-forward up
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".mlp.dense_h_to_4h"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".mlp.c_fc"]            = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".ffn.up_proj"]    = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".mlp.dense_h_to_4h"]   = mapped_to  # falcon
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".mlp.up_proj"]          = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".feed_forward.w3"]            = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Feed-forward gate
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_GATE, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".mlp.gate_proj"] = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".feed_forward.w1"]     = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+        # Feed-forward down
+        mapped_to = MODEL_TENSOR_NAMES[arch].get(MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN, None)
+        mapped_to = mapped_to.format(bid=i) if mapped_to is not None else None
+
+        tensor_map["gpt_neox.layers."+str(i)+".mlp.dense_4h_to_h"] = mapped_to  # gptneox
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".mlp.c_proj"]          = mapped_to  # gpt2
+        tensor_map["transformer.blocks."+str(i)+".ffn.down_proj"]  = mapped_to  # mpt
+        tensor_map["transformer.h."+str(i)+".mlp.dense_4h_to_h"]   = mapped_to  # falcon
+        tensor_map["model.layers."+str(i)+".mlp.down_proj"]        = mapped_to  # llama-hf
+        tensor_map["layers."+str(i)+".feed_forward.w2"]            = mapped_to  # llama-pth
+
+    return tensor_map
+
+
+class TokenType(IntEnum):
+    NORMAL       = 1
+    UNKNOWN      = 2
+    CONTROL      = 3
+    USER_DEFINED = 4
+    UNUSED       = 5
+    BYTE         = 6
+
+#
+# implementation
+#
+
+
+class GGMLQuantizationType(IntEnum):
+    F32  = 0
+    F16  = 1
+    Q4_0 = 2
+    Q4_1 = 3
+    Q5_0 = 6
+    Q5_1 = 7
+    Q8_0 = 8
+    Q8_1 = 9
+    Q2_K = 10
+    Q3_K = 11
+    Q4_K = 12
+    Q5_K = 13
+    Q6_K = 14
+    Q8_K = 15
+
+
+class GGUFValueType(IntEnum):
+    UINT8   = 0
+    INT8    = 1
+    UINT16  = 2
+    INT16   = 3
+    UINT32  = 4
+    INT32   = 5
+    FLOAT32 = 6
+    BOOL    = 7
+    STRING  = 8
+    ARRAY   = 9
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_type(val):
+        if isinstance(val, str) or isinstance(val, bytes) or isinstance(val, bytearray):
+            return GGUFValueType.STRING
+        elif isinstance(val, list):
+            return GGUFValueType.ARRAY
+        elif isinstance(val, float):
+            return GGUFValueType.FLOAT32
+        elif isinstance(val, bool):
+            return GGUFValueType.BOOL
+        elif isinstance(val, int):
+            return GGUFValueType.INT32
+        else:
+            print("Unknown type: "+str(type(val)))
+            sys.exit()
+
+
+class GGUFWriter:
+    def __init__(self, path: str, arch: str, use_temp_file = True):
+        self.fout = open(path, "wb")
+        self.arch = arch
+        self.offset_tensor = 0
+        self.data_alignment = GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT
+        self.kv_data = b""
+        self.kv_data_count = 0
+        self.ti_data = b""
+        self.ti_data_count = 0
+        self.add_architecture()
+        self.use_temp_file = use_temp_file
+        self.tensors = []
+
+    def write_header_to_file(self):
+        self.fout.write(struct.pack("<I", GGUF_MAGIC))
+        self.fout.write(struct.pack("<I", GGUF_VERSION))
+        self.fout.write(struct.pack("<I", self.ti_data_count))
+        self.fout.write(struct.pack("<I", self.kv_data_count))
+        self.flush()
+#        print("tensors " + str(self.ti_data_count) + " kv " + str(self.kv_data_count))
+
+    def write_kv_data_to_file(self):
+        self.fout.write(self.kv_data)
+        self.flush()
+
+    def write_ti_data_to_file(self):
+        self.fout.write(self.ti_data)
+        self.flush()
+
+    def add_key(self, key: str):
+        self.add_val(key, GGUFValueType.STRING, add_vtype=False)
+
+    def add_uint8(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.UINT8)
+
+    def add_int8(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.INT8)
+
+    def add_uint16(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.UINT16)
+
+    def add_int16(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.INT16)
+
+    def add_uint32(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.UINT32)
+
+    def add_int32(self, key: str, val: int):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.INT32)
+
+    def add_float32(self, key: str, val: float):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.FLOAT32)
+
+    def add_bool(self, key: str, val: bool):
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.BOOL)
+
+    def add_string(self, key: str, val: str):
+        if len(val) == 0:
+            return
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.STRING)
+
+    def add_array(self, key: str, val: list):
+        if not isinstance(val, list):
+            raise ValueError("Value must be a list for array type")
+
+        self.add_key(key)
+        self.add_val(val, GGUFValueType.ARRAY)
+
+    def add_val(self: str, val: Any, vtype: GGUFValueType = None, add_vtype: bool = True):
+        if vtype is None:
+            vtype = GGUFValueType.get_type(val)
+
+        if add_vtype:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<I", vtype)
+            self.kv_data_count += 1
+
+        if vtype == GGUFValueType.UINT8:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<B", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.INT8:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<b", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.UINT16:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<H", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.INT16:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<h", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.UINT32:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<I", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.INT32:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<i", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.FLOAT32:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<f", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.BOOL:
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("?", val)
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.STRING:
+            encoded_val = val.encode("utf8") if isinstance(val, str) else val
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<I", len(encoded_val))
+            self.kv_data += encoded_val
+        elif vtype == GGUFValueType.ARRAY:
+            ltype = set([GGUFValueType.get_type(item) for item in val])
+            assert len(ltype) == 1, "All items in a GGUF array should be of the same type"
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<I", list(ltype)[0])
+            self.kv_data += struct.pack("<I", len(val))
+            for item in val:
+                self.add_val(item, add_vtype=False)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid GGUF metadata value type")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def ggml_pad(x: int, n: int) -> int:
+        return ((x + n - 1) // n) * n
+
+    def add_tensor_info(self, name: str, tensor_shape: np.ndarray, tensor_dtype: np.dtype, tensor_nbytes: int, raw_dtype: Optional[GGMLQuantizationType] = None):
+        assert raw_dtype is not None or tensor_dtype in (np.float32, np.float16), "Only F32 and F16 tensors are supported for now"
+
+        encoded_name = name.encode("utf8")
+        self.ti_data += struct.pack("<I", len(encoded_name))
+        self.ti_data += encoded_name
+        n_dims = len(tensor_shape)
+        self.ti_data += struct.pack("<I", n_dims)
+        for i in range(n_dims):
+            self.ti_data += struct.pack("<I", tensor_shape[n_dims - 1 - i])
+        if raw_dtype is None:
+            dtype = GGMLQuantizationType.F32 if tensor_dtype == np.float32 else GGMLQuantizationType.F16
+        else:
+            dtype = raw_dtype
+        self.ti_data += struct.pack("<I", dtype)
+        self.ti_data += struct.pack("<Q", self.offset_tensor)
+        self.offset_tensor += GGUFWriter.ggml_pad(tensor_nbytes, self.data_alignment)
+        self.ti_data_count += 1
+
+    def add_tensor(self, name: str, tensor: np.ndarray, raw_shape: Optional[np.ndarray] = None, raw_dtype: Optional[GGMLQuantizationType] = None):
+        if self.use_temp_file and not hasattr(self, "temp_file"):
+            self.temp_file = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(mode="w+b", max_size=256*1024*1024)
+            self.temp_file.seek(0)
+
+        self.add_tensor_info(name, raw_shape if raw_shape is not None else tensor.shape, tensor.dtype, tensor.nbytes, raw_dtype = raw_dtype)
+
+        pad = GGUFWriter.ggml_pad(tensor.nbytes, self.data_alignment) - tensor.nbytes
+
+        if not self.use_temp_file:
+            self.tensors.append((tensor, pad))
+            return
+
+        tensor.tofile(self.temp_file)
+
+        if pad != 0:
+            self.temp_file.write(bytes([0] * pad))
+
+    def write_tensor_data(self, tensor: np.ndarray):
+        pad = GGUFWriter.ggml_pad(self.fout.tell(), self.data_alignment) - self.fout.tell()
+        if pad != 0:
+            self.fout.write(bytes([0] * pad))
+
+        tensor.tofile(self.fout)
+
+        pad = GGUFWriter.ggml_pad(tensor.nbytes, self.data_alignment) - tensor.nbytes
+        if pad != 0:
+            self.fout.write(bytes([0] * pad))
+
+    def write_tensors_to_file(self):
+        self.write_ti_data_to_file()
+
+        pad = GGUFWriter.ggml_pad(self.fout.tell(), self.data_alignment) - self.fout.tell()
+        if pad != 0:
+            self.fout.write(bytes([0] * pad))
+
+        if not self.use_temp_file:
+            for (currtensor, currpad) in self.tensors:
+                currtensor.tofile(self.fout)
+                if currpad != 0:
+                    self.fout.write(bytes([0] * currpad))
+            return
+
+        self.temp_file.seek(0)
+
+        shutil.copyfileobj(self.temp_file, self.fout)
+        self.flush()
+        self.temp_file.close()
+
+    def flush(self):
+        self.fout.flush()
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.fout.close()
+
+    def add_architecture(self):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_ARCHITECTURE, self.arch)
+
+    def add_author(self, author: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_AUTHOR, author)
+
+    def add_tensor_data_layout(self, layout: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_LLM_TENSOR_DATA_LAYOUT.format(arch=self.arch), layout)
+
+    def add_url(self, url: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_URL, url)
+
+    def add_description(self, description: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_DESCRIPTION, description)
+
+    def add_source_url(self, url: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_SOURCE_URL, url)
+
+    def add_source_hf_repo(self, repo: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_SOURCE_HF_REPO, repo)
+
+    def add_file_type(self, ftype: int):
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_GENERAL_FILE_TYPE, ftype)
+
+    def add_name(self, name: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_GENERAL_NAME, name)
+
+    def add_quantization_version(self, quantization_version: GGMLQuantizationType):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_GENERAL_QUANTIZATION_VERSION, quantization_version)
+
+    def add_custom_alignment(self, alignment: int):
+        self.data_alignment = alignment
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_GENERAL_ALIGNMENT, alignment)
+
+    def add_context_length(self, length: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_LLM_CONTEXT_LENGTH.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_embedding_length(self, length: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_LLM_EMBEDDING_LENGTH.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_block_count(self, length: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_LLM_BLOCK_COUNT.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_feed_forward_length(self, length: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_LLM_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_parallel_residual(self, use: bool):
+        self.add_bool(
+            KEY_LLM_USE_PARALLEL_RESIDUAL.format(arch=self.arch), use)
+
+    def add_tensor_data_layout(self, layout: str):
+        self.add_string(
+            KEY_LLM_TENSOR_DATA_LAYOUT.format(arch=self.arch), layout)
+
+    def add_head_count(self, count: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_HEAD_COUNT.format(arch=self.arch), count)
+
+    def add_head_count_kv(self, count: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_HEAD_COUNT_KV.format(arch=self.arch), count)
+
+    def add_max_alibi_bias(self, bias: float):
+        self.add_float32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_MAX_ALIBI_BIAS.format(arch=self.arch), bias)
+
+    def add_clamp_kqv(self, value: float):
+        self.add_float32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_CLAMP_KQV.format(arch=self.arch), value)
+
+    def add_layer_norm_eps(self, value: float):
+        self.add_float32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_EPS.format(arch=self.arch), value)
+
+    def add_layer_norm_rms_eps(self, value: float):
+        self.add_float32(
+            KEY_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_RMS_EPS.format(arch=self.arch), value)
+
+    def add_rope_dimension_count(self, count: int):
+        self.add_uint32(
+            KEY_ROPE_DIMENSION_COUNT.format(arch=self.arch), count)
+
+    def add_rope_scale_linear(self, value:  float):
+        self.add_float32(KEY_ROPE_SCALE_LINEAR.format(arch=self.arch), value)
+
+    def add_tokenizer_model(self, model: str):
+        self.add_string(KEY_TOKENIZER_MODEL, model)
+
+    def add_token_list(self, tokens: List):
+        self.add_array(KEY_TOKENIZER_LIST, tokens)
+
+    def add_token_merges(self, merges: List):
+        self.add_array(KEY_TOKENIZER_MERGES, merges)
+
+    def add_token_types(self, types: List[int]):
+        self.add_array(KEY_TOKENIZER_TOKEN_TYPE, types)
+
+    def add_token_scores(self, scores: List[float]):
+        self.add_array(KEY_TOKENIZER_SCORES, scores)
+
+    def add_bos_token_id(self, id: int):
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_TOKENIZER_BOS_ID, id)
+
+    def add_eos_token_id(self, id: int):
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_TOKENIZER_EOS_ID, id)
+
+    def add_unk_token_id(self, id: int):
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_TOKENIZER_UNK_ID, id)
+
+    def add_sep_token_id(self, id: int):
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_TOKENIZER_SEP_ID, id)
+
+    def add_pad_token_id(self, id: int):
+        self.add_uint32(KEY_TOKENIZER_PAD_ID, id)
+
+
+# Example usage:
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # Example usage with a file
+    gguf_writer = GGUFWriter("example.gguf", "llama")
+
+    gguf_writer.add_architecture()
+    gguf_writer.add_block_count(12)
+    gguf_writer.add_uint32("answer", 42)  # Write a 32-bit integer
+    gguf_writer.add_float32("answer_in_float", 42.0)  # Write a 32-bit float
+    gguf_writer.add_custom_alignment(64)
+
+    tensor1 = np.ones((32,), dtype=np.float32) * 100.0
+    tensor2 = np.ones((64,), dtype=np.float32) * 101.0
+    tensor3 = np.ones((96,), dtype=np.float32) * 102.0
+
+    gguf_writer.add_tensor("tensor1", tensor1)
+    gguf_writer.add_tensor("tensor2", tensor2)
+    gguf_writer.add_tensor("tensor3", tensor3)
+
+    gguf_writer.write_header_to_file()
+    gguf_writer.write_kv_data_to_file()
+    gguf_writer.write_tensors_to_file()
+
+    gguf_writer.close()

grammars/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# GBNF Guide
+
+GBNF (GGML BNF) is a format for defining [formal grammars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_grammar) to constrain model outputs in `llama.cpp`. For example, you can use it to force the model to generate valid JSON, or speak only in emojis. GBNF grammars are supported in various ways in `examples/main` and `examples/server`.
+
+## Background
+
+[Bakus-Naur Form (BNF)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form) is a notation for describing the syntax of formal languages like programming languages, file formats, and protocols. GBNF is an extension of BNF that primarily adds a few modern regex-like features.
+
+## Basics
+
+In GBNF, we define *production rules* that specify how a *non-terminal* (rule name) can be replaced with sequences of *terminals* (characters, specifically Unicode [code points](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_point)) and other non-terminals. The basic format of a production rule is `nonterminal ::= sequence...`.
+
+## Example
+
+Before going deeper, let's look at some of the features demonstrated in `grammars/chess.gbnf`, a small chess notation grammar:
+```
+# `root` specifies the pattern for the overall output
+root ::= (
+    # it must start with the characters "1. " followed by a sequence
+    # of characters that match the `move` rule, followed by a space, followed
+    # by another move, and then a newline
+    "1. " move " " move "\n"
+
+    # it's followed by one or more subsequent moves, numbered with one or two digits
+    ([1-9] [0-9]? ". " move " " move "\n")+
+)
+
+# `move` is an abstract representation, which can be a pawn, nonpawn, or castle.
+# The `[+#]?` denotes the possibility of checking or mate signs after moves
+move ::= (pawn | nonpawn | castle) [+#]?
+
+pawn ::= ...
+nonpawn ::= ...
+castle ::= ...
+```
+
+## Non-Terminals and Terminals
+
+Non-terminal symbols (rule names) stand for a pattern of terminals and other non-terminals. They are required to be a dashed lowercase word, like `move`, `castle`, or `check-mate`.
+
+Terminals are actual characters ([code points](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_point)). They can be specified as a sequence like `"1"` or `"O-O"` or as ranges like `[1-9]` or `[NBKQR]`.
+
+## Characters and character ranges
+
+Terminals support the full range of Unicode. Unicode characters can be specified directly in the grammar, for example `hiragana ::= [ぁ-ゟ]`, or with escapes: 8-bit (`\xXX`), 16-bit (`\uXXXX`) or 32-bit (`\UXXXXXXXX`).
+
+Character ranges can be negated with `^`:
+```
+single-line ::= [^\n]+ "\n"`
+```
+
+## Sequences and Alternatives
+
+The order of symbols in a sequence matter. For example, in `"1. " move " " move "\n"`, the `"1. "` must come before the first `move`, etc.
+
+Alternatives, denoted by `|`, give different sequences that are acceptable. For example, in `move ::= pawn | nonpawn | castle`, `move` can be a `pawn` move, a `nonpawn` move, or a `castle`.
+
+Parentheses `()` can be used to group sequences, which allows for embedding alternatives in a larger rule or applying repetition and optptional symbols (below) to a sequence.
+
+## Repetition and Optional Symbols
+
+- `*` after a symbol or sequence means that it can be repeated zero or more times.
+- `+` denotes that the symbol or sequence should appear one or more times.
+- `?` makes the preceding symbol or sequence optional.
+
+## Comments and newlines
+
+Comments can be specified with `#`:
+```
+# defines optional whitspace
+ws ::= [ \t\n]+
+```
+
+Newlines are allowed between rules and between symbols or sequences nested inside parentheses. Additionally, a newline after an alternate marker `|` will continue the current rule, even outside of parentheses.
+
+## The root rule
+
+In a full grammar, the `root` rule always defines the starting point of the grammar. In other words, it specifies what the entire output must match.
+
+```
+# a grammar for lists
+root ::= ("- " item)+
+item ::= [^\n]+ "\n"
+```
+
+## Next steps
+
+This guide provides a brief overview. Check out the GBNF files in this directory (`grammars/`) for examples of full grammars. You can try them out with:
+```
+./main -m <model> --grammar-file grammars/some-grammar.gbnf -p 'Some prompt'
+```

grammars/json.gbnf

@@ -1,29 +1,25 @@
-# Grammar for subset of JSON - doesn't support full string or number syntax
-
-root  ::= object
-value ::= object | array | string | number | boolean | "null"
+root   ::= object
+value  ::= object | array | string | number | ("true" | "false" | "null") ws
 
 object ::=
   "{" ws (
             string ":" ws value
     ("," ws string ":" ws value)*
-  )? "}"
+  )? "}" ws
 
 array  ::=
   "[" ws (
             value
     ("," ws value)*
-  )? "]"
+  )? "]" ws
 
-string  ::=
+string ::=
   "\"" (
     [^"\\] |
     "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F]) # escapes
   )* "\"" ws
 
-# Only plain integers currently
-number  ::= "-"? [0-9]+ ws
-boolean ::= ("true" | "false") ws
+number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? ws
 
 # Optional space: by convention, applied in this grammar after literal chars when allowed
 ws ::= ([ \t\n] ws)?

k_quants.c

@@ -77,6 +77,11 @@ static float make_qx_quants(int n, int nmax, const float * restrict x, int8_t *
         }
         return 1/iscale;
     }
+    bool return_early = false;
+    if (rmse_type < 0) {
+        rmse_type = -rmse_type;
+        return_early = true;
+    }
     int weight_type = rmse_type%2;
     float sumlx = 0;
     float suml2 = 0;
@@ -89,56 +94,9 @@ static float make_qx_quants(int n, int nmax, const float * restrict x, int8_t *
         suml2 += w*l*l;
     }
     float scale = sumlx/suml2;
+    if (return_early) return suml2 > 0 ? 0.5f*(scale + 1/iscale) : 1/iscale;
     float best = scale * sumlx;
-    for (int itry = 0; itry < 3; ++itry) {
-        iscale = 1/scale;
-        float slx = 0;
-        float sl2 = 0;
-        bool changed = false;
-        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-            int l = nearest_int(iscale * x[i]);
-            l = MAX(-nmax, MIN(nmax-1, l));
-            if (l + nmax != L[i]) { changed = true; }
-            float w = weight_type == 1 ? x[i] * x[i] : 1.f;
-            slx += w*x[i]*l;
-            sl2 += w*l*l;
-        }
-        if (!changed || sl2 == 0 || slx*slx <= best*sl2) { break; }
-        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-            int l = nearest_int(iscale * x[i]);
-            L[i] = nmax + MAX(-nmax, MIN(nmax-1, l));
-        }
-        sumlx = slx; suml2 = sl2;
-        scale = sumlx/suml2;
-        best = scale * sumlx;
-    }
-    for (int itry = 0; itry < 5; ++itry) {
-        int n_changed = 0;
-        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-            float w = weight_type == 1 ? x[i]*x[i] : 1;
-            int l = L[i] - nmax;
-            float slx = sumlx - w*x[i]*l;
-            if (slx > 0) {
-                float sl2 = suml2 - w*l*l;
-                int new_l = nearest_int(x[i] * sl2 / slx);
-                new_l = MAX(-nmax, MIN(nmax-1, new_l));
-                if (new_l != l) {
-                    slx += w*x[i]*new_l;
-                    sl2 += w*new_l*new_l;
-                    if (sl2 > 0 && slx*slx*suml2 > sumlx*sumlx*sl2) {
-                        L[i] = nmax + new_l; sumlx = slx; suml2 = sl2;
-                        scale = sumlx / suml2; best = scale * sumlx;
-                        ++n_changed;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (!n_changed) { break; }
-    }
-    if (rmse_type < 3) {
-        return scale;
-    }
-    for (int is = -4; is <= 4; ++is) {
+    for (int is = -9; is <= 9; ++is) {
         if (is == 0) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -221,12 +179,17 @@ static float make_q3_quants(int n, int nmax, const float * restrict x, int8_t *
     return 1/iscale;
 }
 
-static float make_qkx1_quants(int n, int nmax, const float * restrict x, uint8_t * restrict L, float * restrict the_min, int ntry) {
+static float make_qkx1_quants(int n, int nmax, const float * restrict x, uint8_t * restrict L, float * restrict the_min,
+        int ntry, float alpha) {
     float min = x[0];
     float max = x[0];
+    float sum_x = 0;
+    float sum_x2 = 0;
     for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
         if (x[i] < min) min = x[i];
         if (x[i] > max) max = x[i];
+        sum_x += x[i];
+        sum_x2 += x[i]*x[i];
     }
     if (max == min) {
         for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) L[i] = 0;
@@ -254,7 +217,7 @@ static float make_qkx1_quants(int n, int nmax, const float * restrict x, uint8_t
         for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
             sum += x[i] - scale*L[i];
         }
-        min = sum/n;
+        min = alpha*min + (1 - alpha)*sum/n;
         if (min > 0) min = 0;
         iscale = 1/scale;
         if (!did_change) break;
@@ -263,6 +226,82 @@ static float make_qkx1_quants(int n, int nmax, const float * restrict x, uint8_t
     return scale;
 }
 
+static float make_qkx2_quants(int n, int nmax, const float * restrict x, const float * restrict weights,
+        uint8_t * restrict L, float * restrict the_min, uint8_t * restrict Laux,
+        float rmin, float rdelta, int nstep, bool use_mad) {
+    float min = x[0];
+    float max = x[0];
+    float sum_w = weights[0];
+    float sum_x = sum_w * x[0];
+    for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
+        if (x[i] < min) min = x[i];
+        if (x[i] > max) max = x[i];
+        float w = weights[i];
+        sum_w += w;
+        sum_x += w * x[i];
+    }
+    if (min > 0) min = 0;
+    if (max == min) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) L[i] = 0;
+        *the_min = -min;
+        return 0.f;
+    }
+    float iscale = nmax/(max - min);
+    float scale = 1/iscale;
+    float best_mad = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        int l = nearest_int(iscale*(x[i] - min));
+        L[i] = MAX(0, MIN(nmax, l));
+        float diff = scale * L[i] + min - x[i];
+        diff = use_mad ? fabsf(diff) : diff * diff;
+        float w = weights[i];
+        best_mad += w * diff;
+    }
+    if (nstep < 1) {
+        *the_min = -min;
+        return scale;
+    }
+    for (int is = 0; is <= nstep; ++is) {
+        iscale = (rmin + rdelta*is + nmax)/(max - min);
+        float sum_l = 0, sum_l2 = 0, sum_xl = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            int l = nearest_int(iscale*(x[i] - min));
+            l = MAX(0, MIN(nmax, l));
+            Laux[i] = l;
+            float w = weights[i];
+            sum_l += w*l;
+            sum_l2 += w*l*l;
+            sum_xl += w*l*x[i];
+        }
+        float D = sum_w * sum_l2 - sum_l * sum_l;
+        if (D > 0) {
+            float this_scale = (sum_w * sum_xl - sum_x * sum_l)/D;
+            float this_min   = (sum_l2 * sum_x - sum_l * sum_xl)/D;
+            if (this_min > 0) {
+                this_min = 0;
+                this_scale = sum_xl / sum_l2;
+            }
+            float mad = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                float diff = this_scale * Laux[i] + this_min - x[i];
+                diff = use_mad ? fabsf(diff) : diff * diff;
+                float w = weights[i];
+                mad += w * diff;
+            }
+            if (mad < best_mad) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                    L[i] = Laux[i];
+                }
+                best_mad = mad;
+                scale = this_scale;
+                min = this_min;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    *the_min = -min;
+    return scale;
+}
+
 #if QK_K == 256
 static inline void get_scale_min_k4(int j, const uint8_t * restrict q, uint8_t * restrict d, uint8_t * restrict m) {
     if (j < 4) {
@@ -281,6 +320,8 @@ void quantize_row_q2_K_reference(const float * restrict x, block_q2_K * restrict
     const int nb = k / QK_K;
 
     uint8_t L[QK_K];
+    uint8_t Laux[16];
+    float   weights[16];
     float mins[QK_K/16];
     float scales[QK_K/16];
 
@@ -291,7 +332,8 @@ void quantize_row_q2_K_reference(const float * restrict x, block_q2_K * restrict
         float max_scale = 0; // as we are deducting the min, scales are always positive
         float max_min = 0;
         for (int j = 0; j < QK_K/16; ++j) {
-            scales[j] = make_qkx1_quants(16, 3, x + 16*j, L + 16*j, &mins[j], 5);
+            for (int l = 0; l < 16; ++l) weights[l] = fabsf(x[16*j + l]);
+            scales[j] = make_qkx2_quants(16, 3, x + 16*j, weights, L + 16*j, &mins[j], Laux, -0.5f, 0.1f, 15, true);
             float scale = scales[j];
             if (scale > max_scale) {
                 max_scale = scale;
@@ -637,6 +679,8 @@ void quantize_row_q4_K_reference(const float * restrict x, block_q4_K * restrict
     const int nb = k / QK_K;
 
     uint8_t L[QK_K];
+    uint8_t Laux[32];
+    float   weights[32];
     float mins[QK_K/32];
     float scales[QK_K/32];
 
@@ -645,7 +689,12 @@ void quantize_row_q4_K_reference(const float * restrict x, block_q4_K * restrict
         float max_scale = 0; // as we are deducting the min, scales are always positive
         float max_min = 0;
         for (int j = 0; j < QK_K/32; ++j) {
-            scales[j] = make_qkx1_quants(32, 15, x + 32*j, L + 32*j, &mins[j], 5);
+            //scales[j] = make_qkx1_quants(32, 15, x + 32*j, L + 32*j, &mins[j], 9, 0.5f);
+            float sum_x2 = 0;
+            for (int l = 0; l < 32; ++l) sum_x2 += x[32*j + l] * x[32*j + l];
+            float av_x = sqrtf(sum_x2/32);
+            for (int l = 0; l < 32; ++l) weights[l] = av_x + fabsf(x[32*j + l]);
+            scales[j] = make_qkx2_quants(32, 15, x + 32*j, weights, L + 32*j, &mins[j], Laux, -1.f, 0.1f, 20, false);
             float scale = scales[j];
             if (scale > max_scale) {
                 max_scale = scale;
@@ -798,6 +847,8 @@ void quantize_row_q5_K_reference(const float * restrict x, block_q5_K * restrict
     uint8_t L[QK_K];
     float mins[QK_K/32];
     float scales[QK_K/32];
+    float weights[32];
+    uint8_t Laux[32];
 #else
     int8_t L[QK_K];
     float scales[QK_K/16];
@@ -810,7 +861,12 @@ void quantize_row_q5_K_reference(const float * restrict x, block_q5_K * restrict
         float max_scale = 0; // as we are deducting the min, scales are always positive
         float max_min = 0;
         for (int j = 0; j < QK_K/32; ++j) {
-            scales[j] = make_qkx1_quants(32, 31, x + 32*j, L + 32*j, &mins[j], 5);
+            //scales[j] = make_qkx1_quants(32, 31, x + 32*j, L + 32*j, &mins[j], 9, 0.5f);
+            float sum_x2 = 0;
+            for (int l = 0; l < 32; ++l) sum_x2 += x[32*j + l] * x[32*j + l];
+            float av_x = sqrtf(sum_x2/32);
+            for (int l = 0; l < 32; ++l) weights[l] = av_x + fabsf(x[32*j + l]);
+            scales[j] = make_qkx2_quants(32, 31, x + 32*j, weights, L + 32*j, &mins[j], Laux, -0.5f, 0.1f, 15, false);
             float scale = scales[j];
             if (scale > max_scale) {
                 max_scale = scale;

llama-util.h

@@ -1,504 +0,0 @@
-// Internal header to be included only by llama.cpp.
-// Contains wrappers around OS interfaces.
-
-#ifndef LLAMA_UTIL_H
-#define LLAMA_UTIL_H
-
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <cerrno>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <cstdarg>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <climits>
-
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-#include <stdexcept>
-
-#ifdef __has_include
-    #if __has_include(<unistd.h>)
-        #include <unistd.h>
-        #if defined(_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES)
-            #include <sys/mman.h>
-        #endif
-        #if defined(_POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE)
-            #include <sys/resource.h>
-        #endif
-    #endif
-#endif
-
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-    #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-    #ifndef NOMINMAX
-        #define NOMINMAX
-    #endif
-    #include <windows.h>
-    #include <io.h>
-    #include <stdio.h> // for _fseeki64
-#endif
-
-#define LLAMA_ASSERT(x) \
-    do { \
-        if (!(x)) { \
-            fprintf(stderr, "LLAMA_ASSERT: %s:%d: %s\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, #x); \
-            abort(); \
-        } \
-    } while (0)
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#ifdef __MINGW32__
-__attribute__((format(gnu_printf, 1, 2)))
-#else
-__attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)))
-#endif
-#endif
-static std::string format(const char * fmt, ...) {
-    va_list ap, ap2;
-    va_start(ap, fmt);
-    va_copy(ap2, ap);
-    int size = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, ap);
-    LLAMA_ASSERT(size >= 0 && size < INT_MAX);
-    std::vector<char> buf(size + 1);
-    int size2 = vsnprintf(buf.data(), size + 1, fmt, ap2);
-    LLAMA_ASSERT(size2 == size);
-    va_end(ap2);
-    va_end(ap);
-    return std::string(buf.data(), size);
-}
-
-struct llama_file {
-    // use FILE * so we don't have to re-open the file to mmap
-    FILE * fp;
-    size_t size;
-
-    llama_file(const char * fname, const char * mode) {
-        fp = std::fopen(fname, mode);
-        if (fp == NULL) {
-            throw std::runtime_error(format("failed to open %s: %s", fname, strerror(errno)));
-        }
-        seek(0, SEEK_END);
-        size = tell();
-        seek(0, SEEK_SET);
-    }
-
-    size_t tell() const {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        __int64 ret = _ftelli64(fp);
-#else
-        long ret = std::ftell(fp);
-#endif
-        LLAMA_ASSERT(ret != -1); // this really shouldn't fail
-        return (size_t) ret;
-    }
-
-    void seek(size_t offset, int whence) {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        int ret = _fseeki64(fp, (__int64) offset, whence);
-#else
-        int ret = std::fseek(fp, (long) offset, whence);
-#endif
-        LLAMA_ASSERT(ret == 0); // same
-    }
-
-    void read_raw(void * ptr, size_t len) const {
-        if (len == 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        errno = 0;
-        std::size_t ret = std::fread(ptr, len, 1, fp);
-        if (ferror(fp)) {
-            throw std::runtime_error(format("read error: %s", strerror(errno)));
-        }
-        if (ret != 1) {
-            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("unexpectedly reached end of file"));
-        }
-    }
-
-    std::uint32_t read_u32() {
-        std::uint32_t ret;
-        read_raw(&ret, sizeof(ret));
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    std::string read_string(std::uint32_t len) {
-        std::vector<char> chars(len);
-        read_raw(chars.data(), len);
-        return std::string(chars.data(), len);
-    }
-
-    void write_raw(const void * ptr, size_t len) const {
-        if (len == 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        errno = 0;
-        size_t ret = std::fwrite(ptr, len, 1, fp);
-        if (ret != 1) {
-            throw std::runtime_error(format("write error: %s", strerror(errno)));
-        }
-    }
-
-    void write_u32(std::uint32_t val) {
-        write_raw(&val, sizeof(val));
-    }
-
-    ~llama_file() {
-        if (fp) {
-            std::fclose(fp);
-        }
-    }
-};
-
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-static std::string llama_format_win_err(DWORD err) {
-    LPSTR buf;
-    size_t size = FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
-                                 NULL, err, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT), (LPSTR)&buf, 0, NULL);
-    if (!size) {
-        return "FormatMessageA failed";
-    }
-    std::string ret(buf, size);
-    LocalFree(buf);
-    return ret;
-}
-#endif
-
-struct llama_mmap {
-    void * addr;
-    size_t size;
-
-    llama_mmap(const llama_mmap &) = delete;
-
-#ifdef _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES
-    static constexpr bool SUPPORTED = true;
-
-    llama_mmap(struct llama_file * file, size_t prefetch = (size_t) -1 /* -1 = max value */, bool numa = false) {
-        size = file->size;
-        int fd = fileno(file->fp);
-        int flags = MAP_SHARED;
-        // prefetch/readahead impairs performance on NUMA systems
-        if (numa) { prefetch = 0; }
-#ifdef __linux__
-        if (prefetch) { flags |= MAP_POPULATE; }
-#endif
-        addr = mmap(NULL, file->size, PROT_READ, flags, fd, 0);
-        if (addr == MAP_FAILED) {
-            throw std::runtime_error(format("mmap failed: %s", strerror(errno)));
-        }
-
-        if (prefetch > 0) {
-            // Advise the kernel to preload the mapped memory
-            if (madvise(addr, std::min(file->size, prefetch), MADV_WILLNEED)) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "warning: madvise(.., MADV_WILLNEED) failed: %s\n",
-                        strerror(errno));
-            }
-        }
-        if (numa) {
-            // advise the kernel not to use readahead
-            // (because the next page might not belong on the same node)
-            if (madvise(addr, file->size, MADV_RANDOM)) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "warning: madvise(.., MADV_RANDOM) failed: %s\n",
-                        strerror(errno));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    ~llama_mmap() {
-        munmap(addr, size);
-    }
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-    static constexpr bool SUPPORTED = true;
-
-    llama_mmap(struct llama_file * file, bool prefetch = true, bool numa = false) {
-        (void) numa;
-
-        size = file->size;
-
-        HANDLE hFile = (HANDLE) _get_osfhandle(_fileno(file->fp));
-
-        HANDLE hMapping = CreateFileMappingA(hFile, NULL, PAGE_READONLY, 0, 0, NULL);
-        DWORD error = GetLastError();
-
-        if (hMapping == NULL) {
-            throw std::runtime_error(format("CreateFileMappingA failed: %s", llama_format_win_err(error).c_str()));
-        }
-
-        addr = MapViewOfFile(hMapping, FILE_MAP_READ, 0, 0, 0);
-        error = GetLastError();
-        CloseHandle(hMapping);
-
-        if (addr == NULL) {
-            throw std::runtime_error(format("MapViewOfFile failed: %s", llama_format_win_err(error).c_str()));
-        }
-
-        #if _WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8
-        if (prefetch) {
-            // Advise the kernel to preload the mapped memory
-            WIN32_MEMORY_RANGE_ENTRY range;
-            range.VirtualAddress = addr;
-            range.NumberOfBytes = (SIZE_T)size;
-            if (!PrefetchVirtualMemory(GetCurrentProcess(), 1, &range, 0)) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "warning: PrefetchVirtualMemory failed: %s\n",
-                        llama_format_win_err(GetLastError()).c_str());
-            }
-        }
-        #else
-        #pragma message("warning: You are building for pre-Windows 8; prefetch not supported")
-        #endif // _WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8
-    }
-
-    ~llama_mmap() {
-        if (!UnmapViewOfFile(addr)) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "warning: UnmapViewOfFile failed: %s\n",
-                    llama_format_win_err(GetLastError()).c_str());
-        }
-    }
-#else
-    static constexpr bool SUPPORTED = false;
-
-    llama_mmap(struct llama_file *, bool prefetch = true, bool numa = false) {
-        (void) prefetch;
-        (void) numa;
-
-        throw std::runtime_error(std::string("mmap not supported"));
-    }
-#endif
-};
-
-// Represents some region of memory being locked using mlock or VirtualLock;
-// will automatically unlock on destruction.
-struct llama_mlock {
-    void * addr = NULL;
-    size_t size = 0;
-    bool failed_already = false;
-
-    llama_mlock() {}
-    llama_mlock(const llama_mlock &) = delete;
-
-    ~llama_mlock() {
-        if (size) {
-            raw_unlock(addr, size);
-        }
-    }
-
-    void init(void * ptr) {
-        LLAMA_ASSERT(addr == NULL && size == 0);
-        addr = ptr;
-    }
-
-    void grow_to(size_t target_size) {
-        LLAMA_ASSERT(addr);
-        if (failed_already) {
-            return;
-        }
-        size_t granularity = lock_granularity();
-        target_size = (target_size + granularity - 1) & ~(granularity - 1);
-        if (target_size > size) {
-            if (raw_lock((uint8_t *) addr + size, target_size - size)) {
-                size = target_size;
-            } else {
-                failed_already = true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-#ifdef _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE
-    static constexpr bool SUPPORTED = true;
-
-    size_t lock_granularity() {
-        return (size_t) sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
-    }
-
-    #ifdef __APPLE__
-        #define MLOCK_SUGGESTION \
-            "Try increasing the sysctl values 'vm.user_wire_limit' and 'vm.global_user_wire_limit' and/or " \
-            "decreasing 'vm.global_no_user_wire_amount'.  Also try increasing RLIMIT_MLOCK (ulimit -l).\n"
-    #else
-        #define MLOCK_SUGGESTION \
-            "Try increasing RLIMIT_MLOCK ('ulimit -l' as root).\n"
-    #endif
-
-    bool raw_lock(const void * addr, size_t size) {
-        if (!mlock(addr, size)) {
-            return true;
-        } else {
-            char* errmsg = std::strerror(errno);
-            bool suggest = (errno == ENOMEM);
-
-            // Check if the resource limit is fine after all
-            struct rlimit lock_limit;
-            if (suggest && getrlimit(RLIMIT_MEMLOCK, &lock_limit))
-                suggest = false;
-            if (suggest && (lock_limit.rlim_max > lock_limit.rlim_cur + size))
-                suggest = false;
-
-            fprintf(stderr, "warning: failed to mlock %zu-byte buffer (after previously locking %zu bytes): %s\n%s",
-                    size, this->size, errmsg, suggest ? MLOCK_SUGGESTION : "");
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    #undef MLOCK_SUGGESTION
-
-    void raw_unlock(void * addr, size_t size) {
-        if (munlock(addr, size)) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "warning: failed to munlock buffer: %s\n", std::strerror(errno));
-        }
-    }
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-    static constexpr bool SUPPORTED = true;
-
-    size_t lock_granularity() {
-        SYSTEM_INFO si;
-        GetSystemInfo(&si);
-        return (size_t) si.dwPageSize;
-    }
-
-    bool raw_lock(void * ptr, size_t len) {
-        for (int tries = 1; ; tries++) {
-            if (VirtualLock(ptr, len)) {
-                return true;
-            }
-            if (tries == 2) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "warning: failed to VirtualLock %zu-byte buffer (after previously locking %zu bytes): %s\n",
-                    len, size, llama_format_win_err(GetLastError()).c_str());
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            // It failed but this was only the first try; increase the working
-            // set size and try again.
-            SIZE_T min_ws_size, max_ws_size;
-            if (!GetProcessWorkingSetSize(GetCurrentProcess(), &min_ws_size, &max_ws_size)) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "warning: GetProcessWorkingSetSize failed: %s\n",
-                        llama_format_win_err(GetLastError()).c_str());
-                return false;
-            }
-            // Per MSDN: "The maximum number of pages that a process can lock
-            // is equal to the number of pages in its minimum working set minus
-            // a small overhead."
-            // Hopefully a megabyte is enough overhead:
-            size_t increment = len + 1048576;
-            // The minimum must be <= the maximum, so we need to increase both:
-            min_ws_size += increment;
-            max_ws_size += increment;
-            if (!SetProcessWorkingSetSize(GetCurrentProcess(), min_ws_size, max_ws_size)) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "warning: SetProcessWorkingSetSize failed: %s\n",
-                        llama_format_win_err(GetLastError()).c_str());
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    void raw_unlock(void * ptr, size_t len) {
-        if (!VirtualUnlock(ptr, len)) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "warning: failed to VirtualUnlock buffer: %s\n",
-                    llama_format_win_err(GetLastError()).c_str());
-        }
-    }
-#else
-    static constexpr bool SUPPORTED = false;
-
-    size_t lock_granularity() {
-        return (size_t) 65536;
-    }
-
-    bool raw_lock(const void * addr, size_t len) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "warning: mlock not supported on this system\n");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    void raw_unlock(const void * addr, size_t len) {}
-#endif
-};
-
-// Replacement for std::vector<uint8_t> that doesn't require zero-initialization.
-struct llama_buffer {
-    uint8_t * addr = NULL;
-    size_t size = 0;
-
-    llama_buffer() = default;
-
-    void resize(size_t len) {
-#ifdef GGML_USE_METAL
-        free(addr);
-        int result = posix_memalign((void **) &addr, getpagesize(), len);
-        if (result == 0) {
-            memset(addr, 0, len);
-        }
-        else {
-            addr = NULL;
-        }
-#else
-        delete[] addr;
-        addr = new uint8_t[len];
-#endif
-        size = len;
-    }
-
-    ~llama_buffer() {
-#ifdef GGML_USE_METAL
-        free(addr);
-#else
-        delete[] addr;
-#endif
-        addr = NULL;
-    }
-
-    // disable copy and move
-    llama_buffer(const llama_buffer&) = delete;
-    llama_buffer(llama_buffer&&) = delete;
-    llama_buffer& operator=(const llama_buffer&) = delete;
-    llama_buffer& operator=(llama_buffer&&) = delete;
-};
-
-#ifdef GGML_USE_CUBLAS
-#include "ggml-cuda.h"
-struct llama_ctx_buffer {
-    uint8_t * addr = NULL;
-    bool is_cuda;
-    size_t size = 0;
-
-    llama_ctx_buffer() = default;
-
-    void resize(size_t size) {
-        free();
-
-        addr = (uint8_t *) ggml_cuda_host_malloc(size);
-        if (addr) {
-            is_cuda = true;
-        }
-        else {
-            // fall back to pageable memory
-            addr = new uint8_t[size];
-            is_cuda = false;
-        }
-        this->size = size;
-    }
-
-    void free() {
-        if (addr) {
-            if (is_cuda) {
-                ggml_cuda_host_free(addr);
-            }
-            else {
-                delete[] addr;
-            }
-        }
-        addr = NULL;
-    }
-
-    ~llama_ctx_buffer() {
-        free();
-    }
-
-    // disable copy and move
-    llama_ctx_buffer(const llama_ctx_buffer&) = delete;
-    llama_ctx_buffer(llama_ctx_buffer&&) = delete;
-    llama_ctx_buffer& operator=(const llama_ctx_buffer&) = delete;
-    llama_ctx_buffer& operator=(llama_ctx_buffer&&) = delete;
-};
-#else
-typedef llama_buffer llama_ctx_buffer;
-#endif
-
-#endif

llama.h

@@ -34,29 +34,18 @@
 #    define DEPRECATED(func, hint) func
 #endif
 
-#define LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC_GGJT        0x67676a74u // 'ggjt'
-#define LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC_GGLA        0x67676c61u // 'ggla'
-#define LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC_GGMF        0x67676d66u // 'ggmf'
-#define LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC_GGML        0x67676d6cu // 'ggml'
-#define LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC_GGSN        0x6767736eu // 'ggsn'
+#define LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED 0xFFFFFFFF
 
-#define LLAMA_FILE_VERSION           3
-#define LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC             LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC_GGJT
-#define LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC_UNVERSIONED LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC_GGML
-#define LLAMA_SESSION_MAGIC          LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC_GGSN
-#define LLAMA_SESSION_VERSION        1
+#define LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC_GGSN 0x6767736eu // 'ggsn'
 
-#define LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED           0xFFFFFFFF
+#define LLAMA_SESSION_MAGIC   LLAMA_FILE_MAGIC_GGSN
+#define LLAMA_SESSION_VERSION 1
 
 #if defined(GGML_USE_CUBLAS) || defined(GGML_USE_CLBLAST) || defined(GGML_USE_METAL)
 // Defined when llama.cpp is compiled with support for offloading model layers to GPU.
 #define LLAMA_SUPPORTS_GPU_OFFLOAD
 #endif
 
-#ifndef LLAMA_DEFAULT_RMS_EPS
-#define LLAMA_DEFAULT_RMS_EPS 5e-6f
-#endif
-
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
@@ -72,6 +61,52 @@ extern "C" {
 
     typedef int llama_token;
 
+    enum llama_log_level {
+        LLAMA_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR = 2,
+        LLAMA_LOG_LEVEL_WARN  = 3,
+        LLAMA_LOG_LEVEL_INFO  = 4
+    };
+
+    enum llama_vocab_type {
+        LLAMA_VOCAB_TYPE_SPM = 0, // SentencePiece
+        LLAMA_VOCAB_TYPE_BPE = 1, // Byte Pair Encoding
+    };
+
+    enum llama_token_type {
+        LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_UNDEFINED    = 0,
+        LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_NORMAL       = 1,
+        LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_UNKNOWN      = 2,
+        LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_CONTROL      = 3,
+        LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_USER_DEFINED = 4,
+        LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_UNUSED       = 5,
+        LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_BYTE         = 6,
+    };
+
+    // model file types
+    enum llama_ftype {
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_ALL_F32              = 0,
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_F16           = 1, // except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_0          = 2, // except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_1          = 3, // except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_1_SOME_F16 = 4, // tok_embeddings.weight and output.weight are F16
+        // LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_2       = 5, // support has been removed
+        // LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_3       = 6, // support has been removed
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q8_0          = 7, // except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_0          = 8, // except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_1          = 9, // except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q2_K          = 10,// except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_S        = 11,// except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_M        = 12,// except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_L        = 13,// except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_K_S        = 14,// except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_K_M        = 15,// except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_K_S        = 16,// except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_K_M        = 17,// except 1d tensors
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q6_K          = 18,// except 1d tensors
+
+        LLAMA_FTYPE_GUESSED = 1024, // not specified in the model file
+    };
+
     typedef struct llama_token_data {
         llama_token id; // token id
         float logit;    // log-odds of the token
@@ -86,12 +121,10 @@ extern "C" {
 
     typedef void (*llama_progress_callback)(float progress, void *ctx);
 
-   struct llama_context_params {
+    struct llama_context_params {
         uint32_t seed;         // RNG seed, -1 for random
         int32_t  n_ctx;        // text context
         int32_t  n_batch;      // prompt processing batch size
-        int32_t  n_gqa;        // grouped-query attention (TEMP - will be moved to model hparams)
-        float    rms_norm_eps; // rms norm epsilon (TEMP - will be moved to model hparams)
         int32_t  n_gpu_layers; // number of layers to store in VRAM
         int32_t  main_gpu;     // the GPU that is used for scratch and small tensors
 
@@ -116,33 +149,18 @@ extern "C" {
         bool use_mlock;  // force system to keep model in RAM
         bool embedding;  // embedding mode only
     };
-    // model file types
-    enum llama_ftype {
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_ALL_F32              = 0,
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_F16           = 1, // except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_0          = 2, // except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_1          = 3, // except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_1_SOME_F16 = 4, // tok_embeddings.weight and output.weight are F16
-        // LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_2       = 5, // support has been removed
-        // LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_3       = 6, // support has been removed
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q8_0          = 7, // except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_0          = 8, // except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_1          = 9, // except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q2_K          = 10,// except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_S        = 11,// except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_M        = 12,// except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K_L        = 13,// except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_K_S        = 14,// except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_K_M        = 15,// except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_K_S        = 16,// except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_K_M        = 17,// except 1d tensors
-        LLAMA_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q6_K          = 18,// except 1d tensors
-    };
+
+    // Signature for logging events
+    // Note that text includes the new line character at the end for most events.
+    // If your logging mechanism cannot handle that, check if the last character is '\n' and strip it
+    // if it exists.
+    // It might not exist for progress report where '.' is output repeatedly.
+    typedef void (*llama_log_callback)(enum llama_log_level level, const char * text, void * user_data);
 
     // model quantization parameters
     typedef struct llama_model_quantize_params {
         int nthread;                 // number of threads to use for quantizing, if <=0 will use std::thread::hardware_concurrency()
-        enum llama_ftype   ftype;    // quantize to this llama_ftype
+        enum llama_ftype ftype;      // quantize to this llama_ftype
         bool allow_requantize;       // allow quantizing non-f32/f16 tensors
         bool quantize_output_tensor; // quantize output.weight
     } llama_model_quantize_params;
@@ -195,23 +213,16 @@ extern "C" {
         int32_t n_eval;
     };
 
-    LLAMA_API int llama_max_devices();
+    LLAMA_API struct llama_context_params llama_context_default_params(void);
+    LLAMA_API struct llama_model_quantize_params llama_model_quantize_default_params(void);
 
-    LLAMA_API struct llama_context_params llama_context_default_params();
-    LLAMA_API struct llama_model_quantize_params llama_model_quantize_default_params();
-
-    LLAMA_API bool llama_mmap_supported();
-    LLAMA_API bool llama_mlock_supported();
-
-    // TODO: not great API - very likely to change
     // Initialize the llama + ggml backend
     // If numa is true, use NUMA optimizations
     // Call once at the start of the program
     LLAMA_API void llama_backend_init(bool numa);
-    // Call once at the end of the program - currently only used for MPI
-    LLAMA_API void llama_backend_free();
 
-    LLAMA_API int64_t llama_time_us();
+    // Call once at the end of the program - currently only used for MPI
+    LLAMA_API void llama_backend_free(void);
 
     LLAMA_API struct llama_model * llama_load_model_from_file(
                              const char * path_model,
@@ -223,17 +234,26 @@ extern "C" {
                      struct llama_model * model,
             struct llama_context_params   params);
 
-    // Various functions for loading a ggml llama model.
-    // Allocate (almost) all memory needed for the model.
-    // Return NULL on failure
-    LLAMA_API DEPRECATED(struct llama_context * llama_init_from_file(
-                             const char * path_model,
-            struct llama_context_params   params),
-            "please use llama_load_model_from_file combined with llama_new_context_with_model instead");
-
     // Frees all allocated memory
     LLAMA_API void llama_free(struct llama_context * ctx);
 
+    LLAMA_API int64_t llama_time_us(void);
+
+    LLAMA_API int  llama_max_devices    (void);
+    LLAMA_API bool llama_mmap_supported (void);
+    LLAMA_API bool llama_mlock_supported(void);
+
+    LLAMA_API int llama_n_vocab(const struct llama_context * ctx);
+    LLAMA_API int llama_n_ctx  (const struct llama_context * ctx);
+    LLAMA_API int llama_n_embd (const struct llama_context * ctx);
+
+    LLAMA_API int llama_model_n_vocab(const struct llama_model * model);
+    LLAMA_API int llama_model_n_ctx  (const struct llama_model * model);
+    LLAMA_API int llama_model_n_embd (const struct llama_model * model);
+
+    // Get a string describing the model type
+    LLAMA_API int llama_model_type(const struct llama_model * model, char * buf, size_t buf_size);
+
     // Returns 0 on success
     LLAMA_API int llama_model_quantize(
             const char * fname_inp,
@@ -255,9 +275,9 @@ extern "C" {
 
     LLAMA_API int llama_model_apply_lora_from_file(
             const struct llama_model * model,
-                      const char * path_lora,
-                      const char * path_base_model,
-                             int   n_threads);
+                          const char * path_lora,
+                          const char * path_base_model,
+                                 int   n_threads);
 
     // Returns the number of tokens in the KV cache
     LLAMA_API int llama_get_kv_cache_token_count(const struct llama_context * ctx);
@@ -307,11 +327,40 @@ extern "C" {
     // IMPORTANT: do not use for anything else other than debugging and testing!
     LLAMA_API int llama_eval_export(struct llama_context * ctx, const char * fname);
 
+    // Token logits obtained from the last call to llama_eval()
+    // The logits for the last token are stored in the last row
+    // Can be mutated in order to change the probabilities of the next token
+    // Rows: n_tokens
+    // Cols: n_vocab
+    LLAMA_API float * llama_get_logits(struct llama_context * ctx);
+
+    // Get the embeddings for the input
+    // shape: [n_embd] (1-dimensional)
+    LLAMA_API float * llama_get_embeddings(struct llama_context * ctx);
+
+    //
+    // Vocab
+    //
+
+    LLAMA_API const char * llama_token_get_text(const struct llama_context * ctx, llama_token token);
+
+    LLAMA_API float llama_token_get_score(const struct llama_context * ctx, llama_token token);
+
+    LLAMA_API llama_token_type llama_token_get_type(const struct llama_context * ctx, llama_token token);
+
+    // Special tokens
+    LLAMA_API llama_token llama_token_bos(const struct llama_context * ctx);  // beginning-of-sentence
+    LLAMA_API llama_token llama_token_eos(const struct llama_context * ctx);  // end-of-sentence
+    LLAMA_API llama_token llama_token_nl (const struct llama_context * ctx);  // next-line
+
+    //
+    // Tokenization
+    //
+
     // Convert the provided text into tokens.
     // The tokens pointer must be large enough to hold the resulting tokens.
     // Returns the number of tokens on success, no more than n_max_tokens
     // Returns a negative number on failure - the number of tokens that would have been returned
-    // TODO: not sure if correct
     LLAMA_API int llama_tokenize(
             struct llama_context * ctx,
                       const char * text,
@@ -319,6 +368,13 @@ extern "C" {
                              int   n_max_tokens,
                             bool   add_bos);
 
+    LLAMA_API int llama_tokenize_bpe(
+            struct llama_context * ctx,
+                      const char * text,
+                     llama_token * tokens,
+                             int   n_max_tokens,
+                            bool   add_bos);
+
     LLAMA_API int llama_tokenize_with_model(
         const struct llama_model * model,
                       const char * text,
@@ -326,55 +382,30 @@ extern "C" {
                              int   n_max_tokens,
                             bool   add_bos);
 
-    LLAMA_API int llama_n_vocab(const struct llama_context * ctx);
-    LLAMA_API int llama_n_ctx  (const struct llama_context * ctx);
-    LLAMA_API int llama_n_embd (const struct llama_context * ctx);
-
-    LLAMA_API int llama_n_vocab_from_model(const struct llama_model * model);
-    LLAMA_API int llama_n_ctx_from_model  (const struct llama_model * model);
-    LLAMA_API int llama_n_embd_from_model (const struct llama_model * model);
-
-    // Get the vocabulary as output parameters.
-    // Returns number of results.
-    LLAMA_API int llama_get_vocab(
-            const struct llama_context * ctx,
-                          const char * * strings,
-                                 float * scores,
-                                   int   capacity);
-
-    LLAMA_API int llama_get_vocab_from_model(
-              const struct llama_model * model,
-                          const char * * strings,
-                                 float * scores,
-                                   int   capacity);
-
-    // Token logits obtained from the last call to llama_eval()
-    // The logits for the last token are stored in the last row
-    // Can be mutated in order to change the probabilities of the next token
-    // Rows: n_tokens
-    // Cols: n_vocab
-    LLAMA_API float * llama_get_logits(struct llama_context * ctx);
-
-    // Get the embeddings for the input
-    // shape: [n_embd] (1-dimensional)
-    LLAMA_API float * llama_get_embeddings(struct llama_context * ctx);
-
     // Token Id -> String. Uses the vocabulary in the provided context
-    LLAMA_API const char * llama_token_to_str(
+    // Does not write null terminator to the buffer
+    LLAMA_API int llama_token_to_str(
             const struct llama_context * ctx,
-                           llama_token   token);
+                           llama_token   token,
+                                  char * buf,
+                                  int    length);
 
-    LLAMA_API const char * llama_token_to_str_with_model(
+    LLAMA_API int llama_token_to_str_bpe(
+            const struct llama_context * ctx,
+                           llama_token   token,
+                                  char * buf,
+                                  int    length);
+
+    LLAMA_API int llama_token_to_str_with_model(
               const struct llama_model * model,
-                           llama_token   token);
-
-    // Special tokens
-    LLAMA_API llama_token llama_token_bos();  // beginning-of-sentence
-    LLAMA_API llama_token llama_token_eos();  // end-of-sentence
-    LLAMA_API llama_token llama_token_nl();   // next-line
+                           llama_token   token,
+                                  char * buf,
+                                  int    length);
 
+    //
     // Grammar
     //
+
     LLAMA_API struct llama_grammar * llama_grammar_init(
             const llama_grammar_element ** rules,
                                  size_t    n_rules,
@@ -382,7 +413,9 @@ extern "C" {
 
     LLAMA_API void llama_grammar_free(struct llama_grammar * grammar);
 
+    //
     // Sampling functions
+    //
 
     /// @details Repetition penalty described in CTRL academic paper https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05858, with negative logit fix.
     LLAMA_API void llama_sample_repetition_penalty(struct llama_context * ctx, llama_token_data_array * candidates, const llama_token * last_tokens, size_t last_tokens_size, float penalty);
@@ -451,6 +484,10 @@ extern "C" {
     // Print system information
     LLAMA_API const char * llama_print_system_info(void);
 
+    // Set callback for all future logging events.
+    // If this is not called, or NULL is supplied, everything is output on stderr.
+    LLAMA_API void llama_log_set(llama_log_callback log_callback, void * user_data);
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
@@ -460,10 +497,11 @@ extern "C" {
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <string>
+
 struct ggml_tensor;
 
 const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, struct ggml_tensor *>>& llama_internal_get_tensor_map(struct llama_context * ctx);
 
-#endif
+#endif // LLAMA_API_INTERNAL
 
 #endif // LLAMA_H

models/.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+root = true

scripts/get-wikitext-2.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/research.metamind.io/wikitext/wikitext-2-raw-v1.zip

scripts/sync-ggml.sh

@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml.c           ./ggml.c
-cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-cuda.h      ./ggml-cuda.h
-cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-cuda.cu     ./ggml-cuda.cu
-cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-opencl.h    ./ggml-opencl.h
-cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-opencl.cpp  ./ggml-opencl.cpp
-cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-metal.h     ./ggml-metal.h
-cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-metal.m     ./ggml-metal.m
-cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-metal.metal ./ggml-metal.metal
-cp -rpv ../ggml/include/ggml/ggml.h  ./ggml.h
+cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml.c                ./ggml.c
+cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-alloc.c          ./ggml-alloc.c
+cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-cuda.h           ./ggml-cuda.h
+cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-cuda.cu          ./ggml-cuda.cu
+cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-opencl.h         ./ggml-opencl.h
+cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-opencl.cpp       ./ggml-opencl.cpp
+cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-metal.h          ./ggml-metal.h
+cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-metal.m          ./ggml-metal.m
+cp -rpv ../ggml/src/ggml-metal.metal      ./ggml-metal.metal
+cp -rpv ../ggml/include/ggml/ggml.h       ./ggml.h
+cp -rpv ../ggml/include/ggml/ggml-alloc.h ./ggml-alloc.h
 
-cp -rpv ../ggml/tests/test-opt.c    ./tests/test-opt.c
-cp -rpv ../ggml/tests/test-grad0.c  ./tests/test-grad0.c
+cp -rpv ../ggml/tests/test-opt.cpp    ./tests/test-opt.cpp
+cp -rpv ../ggml/tests/test-grad0.cpp  ./tests/test-grad0.cpp

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,15 +1,36 @@
-function(llama_add_test source)
+function(llama_build_executable source)
     get_filename_component(TEST_TARGET ${source} NAME_WE)
     add_executable(${TEST_TARGET} ${source})
     install(TARGETS ${TEST_TARGET} RUNTIME)
-    target_link_libraries(${TEST_TARGET} PRIVATE llama)
+    target_link_libraries(${TEST_TARGET} PRIVATE llama common)
+endfunction()
+
+function(llama_test_executable name source)
+    get_filename_component(TEST_TARGET ${source} NAME_WE)
+    # add_executable(${TEST_TARGET} ${source})
+    # install(TARGETS ${TEST_TARGET} RUNTIME)
+    # target_link_libraries(${TEST_TARGET} PRIVATE llama)
+    add_test(NAME ${name} COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:${TEST_TARGET}> ${ARGN})
+endfunction()
+
+function(llama_build_and_test_executable source)
+    get_filename_component(TEST_TARGET ${source} NAME_WE)
+    add_executable(${TEST_TARGET} ${source})
+    install(TARGETS ${TEST_TARGET} RUNTIME)
+    target_link_libraries(${TEST_TARGET} PRIVATE llama common)
     add_test(NAME ${TEST_TARGET} COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:${TEST_TARGET}> ${ARGN})
 endfunction()
 
-# llama_add_test(test-double-float.c) # SLOW
-llama_add_test(test-quantize-fns.cpp)
-llama_add_test(test-quantize-perf.cpp)
-llama_add_test(test-sampling.cpp)
-llama_add_test(test-tokenizer-0.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab.bin)
-llama_add_test(test-grad0.c) # SLOW
-# llama_add_test(test-opt.c) # SLOW
+# llama_build_and_test_executable(test-double-float.cpp) # SLOW
+llama_build_and_test_executable(test-quantize-fns.cpp)
+llama_build_and_test_executable(test-quantize-perf.cpp)
+llama_build_and_test_executable(test-sampling.cpp)
+llama_build_executable(test-tokenizer-0.cpp)
+llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-0.llama test-tokenizer-0.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-llama.gguf)
+llama_build_executable(test-tokenizer-1.cpp)
+llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1.llama test-tokenizer-1.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-llama.gguf)
+#llama_test_executable(test-tokenizer-1.aquila test-tokenizer-1.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-aquila.gguf)
+llama_build_and_test_executable(test-grammar-parser.cpp)
+llama_build_and_test_executable(test-llama-grammar.cpp)
+llama_build_and_test_executable(test-grad0.cpp) # SLOW
+# llama_build_and_test_executable(test-opt.cpp) # SLOW

tests/test-double-float.cpp

@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
 // This is done by checking all finite (non-NaN, non-infinite) floats.
 
 #undef NDEBUG
-#include <assert.h>
+#include <cassert>
 #include <immintrin.h>
-#include <math.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
 
 #pragma GCC diagnostic push
 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdouble-promotion"
@@ -32,8 +33,9 @@ inline static float silu_float(float x) {
 int main(void) {
     uint32_t x = UINT32_MAX;
     do {
-        float f = *(float *)&x;
-        assert(!isfinite(f) || (round_orig(f) == round_float(f)));
+        float f;
+        memcpy(&f, &x, sizeof(x));
+        assert(!std::isfinite(f) || (round_orig(f) == round_float(f)));
     } while (x--);
 
 #ifdef __F16C__

tests/test-grad0.cpp

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE // Disables ridiculous "unsafe" warnigns on Windows
 #include "ggml.h"
 
-#include <math.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <assert.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cassert>
 
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
 #pragma warning(disable: 4244 4267) // possible loss of data
@@ -47,16 +47,16 @@
 
 #define GGML_PRINT(...) printf(__VA_ARGS__)
 
-float frand(void) {
+static float frand(void) {
     return (float)rand()/(float)RAND_MAX;
 }
 
-int irand(int n) {
+static int irand(int n) {
     if (n == 0) return 0;
     return rand()%n;
 }
 
-void get_random_dims(int64_t * dims, int ndims) {
+static void get_random_dims(int64_t * dims, int ndims) {
     dims[0] = dims[1] = dims[2] = dims[3] = 1;
 
     for (int i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ void get_random_dims(int64_t * dims, int ndims) {
     }
 }
 
-struct ggml_tensor * get_random_tensor_f32(
+static struct ggml_tensor * get_random_tensor_f32(
         struct ggml_context * ctx0,
         int ndims,
         int64_t ne[],
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * get_random_tensor_f32(
     return result;
 }
 
-struct ggml_tensor * get_random_tensor_f16(
+static struct ggml_tensor * get_random_tensor_f16(
         struct ggml_context * ctx0,
         int ndims,
         int64_t ne[],
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * get_random_tensor_f16(
     return result;
 }
 
-struct ggml_tensor * get_random_tensor_i32(
+static struct ggml_tensor * get_random_tensor_i32(
         struct ggml_context * ctx0,
         int ndims,
         int64_t ne[],
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * get_random_tensor_i32(
     return result;
 }
 
-void print_elements(const char* label, const struct ggml_tensor * t) {
+static void print_elements(const char* label, const struct ggml_tensor * t) {
     if (!t) {
         printf("%s: %s = null\n", __func__, label);
         return;
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ void print_elements(const char* label, const struct ggml_tensor * t) {
 
 }
 
-bool check_gradient(
+static bool check_gradient(
         const char * op_name,
         struct ggml_context * ctx0,
         struct ggml_tensor * x[],
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ bool check_gradient(
 }
 
 // TODO: clean-up this ..
-bool check_mat_mul(
+static bool check_mat_mul(
         const struct ggml_tensor * y,
         const struct ggml_tensor * x0,
         const struct ggml_tensor * x1) {
@@ -373,9 +373,9 @@ bool check_mat_mul(
 
 int main(int argc, const char ** argv) {
     struct ggml_init_params params = {
-        .mem_size   = 128*1024*1024,
-        .mem_buffer = NULL,
-        .no_alloc   = false,
+        /* .mem_size   = */ 128*1024*1024,
+        /* .mem_buffer = */ NULL,
+        /* .no_alloc   = */ false,
     };
 
     int64_t ne[4];

tests/test-grammar-parser.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+#undef NDEBUG
+#endif
+
+#include "llama.h"
+#include "grammar-parser.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+int main()
+{
+    grammar_parser::parse_state parsed_grammar;
+
+    const char *grammar_bytes = R"""(root  ::= (expr "=" term "\n")+
+expr  ::= term ([-+*/] term)*
+term  ::= [0-9]+)""";
+
+    parsed_grammar = grammar_parser::parse(grammar_bytes);
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, uint32_t>> expected = {
+        {"expr", 2},
+        {"expr_5", 5},
+        {"expr_6", 6},
+        {"root", 0},
+        {"root_1", 1},
+        {"root_4", 4},
+        {"term", 3},
+        {"term_7", 7},
+    };
+
+    uint32_t index = 0;
+    for (auto it = parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.begin(); it != parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        std::string key = it->first;
+        uint32_t value = it->second;
+        std::pair<std::string, uint32_t> expected_pair = expected[index];
+
+        // pretty print error message before asserting
+        if (expected_pair.first != key || expected_pair.second != value)
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "expected_pair: %s, %d\n", expected_pair.first.c_str(), expected_pair.second);
+            fprintf(stderr, "actual_pair: %s, %d\n", key.c_str(), value);
+            fprintf(stderr, "expected_pair != actual_pair\n");
+        }
+
+        assert(expected_pair.first == key && expected_pair.second == value);
+
+        index++;
+    }
+    std::vector<llama_grammar_element> expected_rules = {
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 2},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 10},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 6},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 1},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 1},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 45},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 43},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 42},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 47},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 6},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+    };
+
+    index = 0;
+    for (auto rule : parsed_grammar.rules)
+    {
+        // compare rule to expected rule
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < rule.size(); i++)
+        {
+            llama_grammar_element element = rule[i];
+            llama_grammar_element expected_element = expected_rules[index];
+
+            // pretty print error message before asserting
+            if (expected_element.type != element.type || expected_element.value != element.value)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "index: %d\n", index);
+                fprintf(stderr, "expected_element: %d, %d\n", expected_element.type, expected_element.value);
+                fprintf(stderr, "actual_element: %d, %d\n", element.type, element.value);
+                fprintf(stderr, "expected_element != actual_element\n");
+            }
+
+            assert(expected_element.type == element.type && expected_element.value == element.value);
+            index++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const char *longer_grammar_bytes = R"""(
+    root  ::= (expr "=" ws term "\n")+
+    expr  ::= term ([-+*/] term)*
+    term  ::= ident | num | "(" ws expr ")" ws
+    ident ::= [a-z] [a-z0-9_]* ws
+    num   ::= [0-9]+ ws
+    ws    ::= [ \t\n]*
+    )""";
+
+    parsed_grammar = grammar_parser::parse(longer_grammar_bytes);
+
+    expected = {
+        {"expr", 2},
+        {"expr_6", 6},
+        {"expr_7", 7},
+        {"ident", 8},
+        {"ident_10", 10},
+        {"num", 9},
+        {"num_11", 11},
+        {"root", 0},
+        {"root_1", 1},
+        {"root_5", 5},
+        {"term", 4},
+        {"ws", 3},
+        {"ws_12", 12},
+    };
+
+    index = 0;
+    for (auto it = parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.begin(); it != parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        std::string key = it->first;
+        uint32_t value = it->second;
+        std::pair<std::string, uint32_t> expected_pair = expected[index];
+
+        // pretty print error message before asserting
+        if (expected_pair.first != key || expected_pair.second != value)
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "expected_pair: %s, %d\n", expected_pair.first.c_str(), expected_pair.second);
+            fprintf(stderr, "actual_pair: %s, %d\n", key.c_str(), value);
+            fprintf(stderr, "expected_pair != actual_pair\n");
+        }
+
+        assert(expected_pair.first == key && expected_pair.second == value);
+
+        index++;
+    }
+    expected_rules = {
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 2},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 10},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 12},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 8},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 9},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 40},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 2},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 41},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 1},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 1},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 45},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 43},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 42},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 47},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 6},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 97},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 122},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 10},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 11},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 97},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 122},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 48},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 95},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 10},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 11},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 32},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 9},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 10},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 12},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+    };
+
+    index = 0;
+    for (auto rule : parsed_grammar.rules)
+    {
+        // compare rule to expected rule
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < rule.size(); i++)
+        {
+            llama_grammar_element element = rule[i];
+            llama_grammar_element expected_element = expected_rules[index];
+
+            // pretty print error message before asserting
+            if (expected_element.type != element.type || expected_element.value != element.value)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "index: %d\n", index);
+                fprintf(stderr, "expected_element: %d, %d\n", expected_element.type, expected_element.value);
+                fprintf(stderr, "actual_element: %d, %d\n", element.type, element.value);
+                fprintf(stderr, "expected_element != actual_element\n");
+            }
+
+            assert(expected_element.type == element.type && expected_element.value == element.value);
+            index++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}

tests/test-llama-grammar.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+#undef NDEBUG
+#endif
+
+#include "llama.cpp" // TODO: not great
+#include "grammar-parser.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+int main()
+{
+    grammar_parser::parse_state parsed_grammar;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, uint32_t>> expected = {
+        {"expr", 2},
+        {"expr_6", 6},
+        {"expr_7", 7},
+        {"ident", 8},
+        {"ident_10", 10},
+        {"num", 9},
+        {"num_11", 11},
+        {"root", 0},
+        {"root_1", 1},
+        {"root_5", 5},
+        {"term", 4},
+        {"ws", 3},
+        {"ws_12", 12},
+    };
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<llama_grammar_element>> expected_rules = {
+        {{LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0}},
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 2},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 10},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        },
+        {{LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0}},
+        {{LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 12}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0}},
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 8},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 9},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 40},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 2},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 41},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        },
+        {{LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 1}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 1}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0}},
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 45},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 43},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 42},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 47},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        },
+        {{LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 6}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0}},
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 97},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 122},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 10},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        },
+        {{LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 11}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3}, {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0}},
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 97},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 122},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 48},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 95},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 10},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        },
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 11},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        },
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 32},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 9},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 10},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 12},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        },
+    };
+
+    for (auto pair : expected)
+    {
+        parsed_grammar.symbol_ids[pair.first] = pair.second;
+    }
+
+    for (auto rule : expected_rules)
+    {
+        parsed_grammar.rules.push_back({});
+        for (auto element : rule)
+        {
+            parsed_grammar.rules.back().push_back(element);
+        }
+    }
+
+    llama_grammar *grammar = NULL;
+    std::vector<const llama_grammar_element *> grammar_rules(parsed_grammar.c_rules());
+    grammar = llama_grammar_init(
+        grammar_rules.data(), grammar_rules.size(), parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.at("root"));
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<llama_grammar_element>> expected_stacks = {
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 97},
+        },
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        },
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        },
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 40},
+        },
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 97},
+        },
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        },
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        },
+        {
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+            {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 40},
+        }};
+
+    auto index = 0;
+    for (auto stack : grammar->stacks)
+    {
+        // compare stack to expected_stack
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < stack.size(); i++)
+        {
+            auto element = stack[i];
+            auto expected_element = expected_stacks[index][i];
+
+            // pretty print error message before asserting
+            if (expected_element.type != element->type || expected_element.value != element->value)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "index: %d\n", index);
+                fprintf(stderr, "expected_element: %d, %d\n", expected_element.type, expected_element.value);
+                fprintf(stderr, "actual_element: %d, %d\n", element->type, element->value);
+                fprintf(stderr, "expected_element != actual_element\n");
+            }
+
+            assert(expected_element.type == element->type && expected_element.value == element->value);
+        }
+        index++;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<const llama_grammar_element *>> next_stacks;
+    std::vector<llama_grammar_candidate> next_candidates;
+    next_candidates.resize(24);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 24; ++i)
+    {
+        uint32_t *cp = new uint32_t[2]; // dynamically allocate memory for code_point
+        cp[0] = 37 + i;
+        cp[1] = 0;
+        next_candidates[i] = {i, cp, {}};
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, uint16_t>>> expected_reject = {
+        {
+            {0, 37},
+            {1, 38},
+            {2, 39},
+            {3, 40},
+            {4, 41},
+            {5, 42},
+            {6, 43},
+            {7, 44},
+            {8, 45},
+            {9, 46},
+            {10, 47},
+            {11, 48},
+            {12, 49},
+            {13, 50},
+            {14, 51},
+            {15, 52},
+            {16, 53},
+            {17, 54},
+            {18, 55},
+            {19, 56},
+            {20, 57},
+            {21, 58},
+            {22, 59},
+            {23, 60},
+        },
+        {
+            {0, 37},
+            {1, 38},
+            {2, 39},
+            {3, 40},
+            {4, 41},
+            {5, 42},
+            {6, 43},
+            {7, 44},
+            {8, 45},
+            {9, 46},
+            {10, 47},
+            {21, 58},
+            {22, 59},
+            {23, 60},
+        },
+        {
+            {0, 37},
+            {1, 38},
+            {2, 39},
+            {3, 40},
+            {4, 41},
+            {5, 42},
+            {6, 43},
+            {7, 44},
+            {8, 45},
+            {9, 46},
+            {10, 47},
+            {21, 58},
+            {22, 59},
+            {23, 60},
+        },
+        {
+            {0, 37},
+            {1, 38},
+            {2, 39},
+            {4, 41},
+            {5, 42},
+            {6, 43},
+            {7, 44},
+            {8, 45},
+            {9, 46},
+            {10, 47},
+            {11, 48},
+            {12, 49},
+            {13, 50},
+            {14, 51},
+            {15, 52},
+            {16, 53},
+            {17, 54},
+            {18, 55},
+            {19, 56},
+            {20, 57},
+            {21, 58},
+            {22, 59},
+            {23, 60},
+        },
+        {
+            {0, 37},
+            {1, 38},
+            {2, 39},
+            {3, 40},
+            {4, 41},
+            {5, 42},
+            {6, 43},
+            {7, 44},
+            {8, 45},
+            {9, 46},
+            {10, 47},
+            {11, 48},
+            {12, 49},
+            {13, 50},
+            {14, 51},
+            {15, 52},
+            {16, 53},
+            {17, 54},
+            {18, 55},
+            {19, 56},
+            {20, 57},
+            {21, 58},
+            {22, 59},
+            {23, 60},
+        },
+        {
+            {0, 37},
+            {1, 38},
+            {2, 39},
+            {3, 40},
+            {4, 41},
+            {5, 42},
+            {6, 43},
+            {7, 44},
+            {8, 45},
+            {9, 46},
+            {10, 47},
+            {21, 58},
+            {22, 59},
+            {23, 60},
+        },
+        {
+            {0, 37},
+            {1, 38},
+            {2, 39},
+            {3, 40},
+            {4, 41},
+            {5, 42},
+            {6, 43},
+            {7, 44},
+            {8, 45},
+            {9, 46},
+            {10, 47},
+            {21, 58},
+            {22, 59},
+            {23, 60},
+        },
+        {
+            {0, 37},
+            {1, 38},
+            {2, 39},
+            {4, 41},
+            {5, 42},
+            {6, 43},
+            {7, 44},
+            {8, 45},
+            {9, 46},
+            {10, 47},
+            {11, 48},
+            {12, 49},
+            {13, 50},
+            {14, 51},
+            {15, 52},
+            {16, 53},
+            {17, 54},
+            {18, 55},
+            {19, 56},
+            {20, 57},
+            {21, 58},
+            {22, 59},
+            {23, 60},
+        },
+    };
+
+    std::vector<llama_grammar_candidate> rejects = llama_grammar_reject_candidates_for_stack(grammar->rules, grammar->stacks[0], next_candidates);
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<llama_grammar_candidate>> all_rejects;
+
+    for (std::size_t count = 0; count < grammar->stacks.size(); ++count)
+    {
+        rejects = llama_grammar_reject_candidates_for_stack(grammar->rules, grammar->stacks[count], next_candidates);
+        all_rejects.push_back(rejects);
+    }
+
+    index = 0;
+    for (auto rej : all_rejects)
+    {
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < rej.size(); i++)
+        {
+            auto element = rej[i];
+            auto expected_element = expected_reject[index][i];
+            assert(element.index == expected_element.first && *element.code_points == expected_element.second);
+        }
+        index++;
+    }
+
+    for (auto &candidate : next_candidates)
+    {
+        delete[] candidate.code_points;
+        candidate.code_points = nullptr;
+    }
+    delete grammar;
+    return 0;
+}

tests/test-opt.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 #include "ggml.h"
 
-#include <math.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <assert.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cassert>
 
 #define MAX_NARGS 2
 
@@ -119,10 +119,11 @@ void set_element(struct ggml_tensor * t, int idx, float value) {
 
 int main(void) {
     struct ggml_init_params params = {
-        .mem_size   = 1024*1024*1024,
-        .mem_buffer = NULL,
-        .no_alloc   = false,
+        /* .mem_size   = */ 1024*1024*1024,
+        /* .mem_buffer = */ NULL,
+        /* .no_alloc   = */ false,
     };
+
     struct ggml_context * ctx = ggml_init(params);
 
     int64_t ne1[4] = {4, 128, 1, 1};

tests/test-tokenizer-0.cpp

@@ -1,22 +1,55 @@
 #include "llama.h"
+#include "common.h"
 
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <string>
 #include <map>
 #include <vector>
 
-static const std::map<std::string, std::vector<llama_token>> & k_tests()
-{
+static std::string unescape_whitespace(llama_context* ctx, const std::vector<llama_token>& tokens) {
+    std::string result;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < tokens.size(); ++i) {
+        result += llama_token_to_str(ctx, tokens[i]);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static const std::map<std::string, std::vector<llama_token>> & k_tests() {
     static std::map<std::string, std::vector<llama_token>> _k_tests = {
-        { "Hello World",        { 1,  10994,   2787, }, },
-        { " Hello World",       { 1,  15043,   2787, }, },
-        { " Hello World!",      { 1,  15043,   2787,  29991, }, },
-        { " this is 🦙.cpp",    { 1,    445,    338,  29871,    243,    162,    169,    156,  29889,   8223, }, },
-        { "w048 7tuijk dsdfhu", { 1,  29893,  29900,  29946,  29947,  29871,  29955,   9161,  13535,  18031,   2176,   6905, }, },
-        { "нещо на Български",  { 1,    821,   4851,    665,   1386,  29713,   1305, }, },
+        { " ",                      {1,    259, }, },
+        { "  ",                     { 1,    1678, }, },
+        { "   ",                    { 1,     268, }, },
+        { "\t",                     { 1,    29871,   12, }, },
+        { "\n",                     { 1,    29871,   13, }, },
+        { "\t\n",                   { 1,    29871,   12,     13, }, },
+        { "Hello world",            { 1,  15043,   3186, }, },
+        { " Hello world",           { 1,  29871,  15043,   3186, }, },
+        { "Hello World",            { 1,  15043,   2787, }, },
+        { " Hello World",           { 1,  29871,  15043,   2787, }, },
+        { " Hello World!",          { 1,  29871,  15043,   2787,  29991, }, },
+        { " this is 🦙.cpp",        { 1,  29871,    445,    338,  29871,    243,    162,    169,    156,  29889,   8223, }, },
+        { "w048 7tuijk dsdfhu",     { 1,    281,  29900,  29946,  29947,  29871,  29955,   9161,  13535,  18031,   2176,   6905, }, },
+        { "нещо на Български",      { 1,   1538,   4851,    665,   1386,  29713,   1305, }, },
+        { "កាន់តែពិសេសអាចខលចេញ",   { 1,  29871,  31849,  31324,  31934,    228,    162,    142,    228,    161,
+                                     146,    228,    162,    133,    228,    161,    153,    228,    161,    186,
+                                     31708,    228,    162,    132,  31708,    228,    161,    165,  31324,    228,
+                                     161,    136,    228,    161,    132,    228,    161,    158,    228,    161,
+                                     136,    228,    162,    132,    228,    161,    140, }, },
+        { "🚀 (normal) 😶‍🌫️ (multiple emojis concatenated) ✅ (only emoji that has its own token)",
+            { 1,  29871,    243,    162,    157,    131,    313,   8945,  29897,  29871,
+                243,    162,    155,    185,  30722,    243,    162,    143,    174,  30598,
+                313,  20787,    953,   3848,    275,  16125,    630,  29897,  29871,  31681,
+                313,   6194,    953,  29877,   2397,    393,    756,    967,   1914,   5993,  29897, }, },
+        { "Hello",                  { 1,    15043 }, },
+        { " Hello",                 { 1,    29871,  15043 }, },
+        { "  Hello",                { 1,    259,    15043 }, },
+        { "   Hello",               { 1,    1678,   15043 }, },
+        { "    Hello",              { 1,    268,    15043 }, },
+        { "    Hello\n    Hello",   { 1,    268,    15043,  13,     1678,   15043 }, },
     };
+
     return _k_tests;
-};
+}
 
 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     if (argc < 2) {
@@ -64,10 +97,12 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
         return 2;
     }
 
+    bool success = true;
+
     for (const auto & test_kv : k_tests()) {
-        std::vector<llama_token> res(test_kv.first.size());
-        const int n = llama_tokenize(ctx, test_kv.first.c_str(), res.data(), int(res.size()), true);
-        res.resize(n);
+        std::vector<llama_token> res = llama_tokenize(ctx, test_kv.first, true);
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s : '%s' tokenized to '%s'\n",
+            __func__, test_kv.first.c_str(), unescape_whitespace(ctx, res).c_str());
 
         bool correct = res.size() == test_kv.second.size();
 
@@ -78,7 +113,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
         }
 
         if (!correct) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "%s : failed test: '%s'\n", __func__, test_kv.first.c_str());
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s : failed test:    '%s'\n", __func__, test_kv.first.c_str());
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s : detokenized to: '%s' instead of '%s'\n", __func__,
+                unescape_whitespace(ctx, res).c_str(), unescape_whitespace(ctx, test_kv.second).c_str());
             fprintf(stderr, "%s : expected tokens: ", __func__);
             for (const auto & t : test_kv.second) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "%6d, ", t);
@@ -90,9 +127,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
             }
             fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 
-            llama_free_model(model);
-            llama_free(ctx);
-            return 3;
+            success = false;
         }
     }
 
@@ -101,5 +136,5 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
 
     llama_backend_free();
 
-    return 0;
+    return success ? 0 : 3;
 }

tests/test-tokenizer-1.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#include "llama.h"
+#include "common.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <string>
+#include <codecvt>
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+#include <locale>
+
+static std::string escape_whitespace(const std::string& text) {
+    std::string result = "\xe2\x96\x81";
+    for (size_t offs = 0; offs < text.length(); ++offs) {
+        if (text[offs] == ' ') {
+            result += "\xe2\x96\x81";
+        } else {
+            result += text[offs];
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static std::string unescape_whitespace(llama_context * ctx, const std::vector<llama_token> & tokens) {
+    std::string result;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < tokens.size(); ++i) {
+        result += llama_token_to_str(ctx, tokens[i]);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <vocab-file>\n", argv[0]);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    const std::string fname = argv[1];
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s : reading vocab from: '%s'\n", __func__, fname.c_str());
+
+    llama_model * model;
+    llama_context * ctx;
+
+    llama_backend_init(false);
+
+    // load the vocab
+    {
+        auto lparams = llama_context_default_params();
+
+        lparams.vocab_only = true;
+
+        model = llama_load_model_from_file(fname.c_str(), lparams);
+
+        if (model == NULL) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to load vocab '%s'\n", __func__, fname.c_str());
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        ctx = llama_new_context_with_model(model, lparams);
+
+        if (ctx == NULL) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: failed to load vocab '%s'\n", __func__, fname.c_str());
+            llama_free_model(model);
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const int n_vocab = llama_n_vocab(ctx);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_vocab; ++i) {
+        std::string forward = llama_token_to_str_bpe(ctx, i);
+        std::vector<llama_token> tokens = llama_tokenize_bpe(ctx, forward, false);
+        if (tokens.size() == 1) {
+            if (i != tokens[0]) {
+                std::string backward = llama_token_to_str(ctx, tokens[0]);
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s : error: token %d is string %s but bpe returns token %d %s\n",
+                    __func__, i, llama_token_to_str(ctx, i).c_str(), tokens[0], backward.c_str());
+                return 2;
+            }
+        } else {
+            llama_token_type type = llama_token_get_type(ctx, i);
+            if (type == LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_UNKNOWN || type == LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_CONTROL || type == LLAMA_TOKEN_TYPE_BYTE) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s : info: token %d is string %s and bpe returns tokens %s\n",
+                    __func__, i, llama_token_to_str(ctx, i).c_str(), unescape_whitespace(ctx, tokens).c_str());
+            } else {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s : error: token %d is string %s but bpe returns tokens %s\n",
+                    __func__, i, llama_token_to_str(ctx, i).c_str(), unescape_whitespace(ctx, tokens).c_str());
+                return 2;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    std::wstring_convert<typename std::codecvt_utf8<char16_t>, char16_t> u16converter;
+    for (char16_t ch = 0x0000; ch < 0xffff; ++ch) {
+        std::u16string u16str(1, ch);
+        std::string str = u16converter.to_bytes(u16str);
+        std::vector<llama_token> tokens = llama_tokenize(ctx, escape_whitespace(str).c_str(), false);
+        if (tokens.size() == 1) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s : info: %s tokenized to %d \n",
+                __func__, str.c_str(), tokens[0]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::wstring_convert<typename std::codecvt_utf8<char32_t>, char32_t> u32converter;
+    for (char32_t ch = 0x0000; ch < 0x0010ffff; ++ch) {
+        std::u32string u32str(1, ch);
+        std::string str = u32converter.to_bytes(u32str);
+        std::vector<llama_token> tokens = llama_tokenize(ctx, escape_whitespace(str).c_str(), false);
+        if (tokens.size() == 1) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s : info: %s tokenized to %d \n", __func__, str.c_str(), tokens[0]);
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    llama_free_model(model);
+    llama_free(ctx);
+
+    llama_backend_free();
+
+    return 0;
+}