server : fix default grammar by use empty string in the UI (#2604)

* server : implement json-schema-to-grammar.mjs by follow python impl

* server : add grammar support in chat.mjs

* server : implement grammer param in the UI

* server : generate .hpp

* server : remove trailing whitespaces

* server : generate .hpp

* server : fix sort of prop pairs

* server : optimize regex & iteration

.gitignore

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ poetry.lock
 poetry.toml
 
 # Test binaries
+tests/test-grammar-parser
 tests/test-double-float
 tests/test-grad0
 tests/test-opt

Makefile

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 BUILD_TARGETS = main quantize quantize-stats perplexity embedding vdot train-text-from-scratch convert-llama2c-to-ggml simple server embd-input-test
 
 # Binaries only useful for tests
-TEST_TARGETS = tests/test-double-float tests/test-grad0 tests/test-opt tests/test-quantize-fns tests/test-quantize-perf tests/test-sampling tests/test-tokenizer-0
+TEST_TARGETS = tests/test-grammar-parser tests/test-double-float tests/test-grad0 tests/test-opt tests/test-quantize-fns tests/test-quantize-perf tests/test-sampling tests/test-tokenizer-0
 
 default: $(BUILD_TARGETS)
 
@@ -412,6 +412,9 @@ benchmark-matmult: examples/benchmark/benchmark-matmult.cpp build-info.h ggml.o
 vdot: pocs/vdot/vdot.cpp ggml.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $^ -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
 
+tests/test-grammar-parser: tests/test-grammar-parser.cpp examples/grammar-parser.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.txt,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
+
 tests/test-double-float: tests/test-double-float.cpp build-info.h ggml.o llama.o common.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.txt,$^) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
 

examples/server/chat.mjs

@@ -1,5 +1,34 @@
 import * as readline from 'node:readline'
 import { stdin, stdout } from 'node:process'
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { SchemaConverter }  from './public/json-schema-to-grammar.mjs'
+
+const args = process.argv.slice(2);
+const grammarJsonSchemaFile = args.find(
+    (_, index) => args[index - 1] === "--grammar-json-schema"
+);
+const grammarFile = args.find((_, index) => args[index - 1] === "--grammar");
+
+// Example usage: function,arguments
+const grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder = args.find(
+    (_, index) => args[index - 1] === "--grammar-json-schema-prop-order"
+);
+const propOrder = grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder
+    ? grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder
+          .split(",")
+          .reduce((acc, cur, index) => ({ ...acc, [cur]: index }), {})
+    : {};
+
+let grammar = null
+if (grammarJsonSchemaFile) {
+    const schema = JSON.parse(readFileSync(grammarJsonSchemaFile, 'utf-8'))
+    const converter = new SchemaConverter(propOrder)
+    converter.visit(schema, '')
+    grammar = converter.formatGrammar()
+}
+if (grammarFile) {
+    grammar = readFileSync(grammarFile, 'utf-8')
+}
 
 const API_URL = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'
 
@@ -48,6 +77,7 @@ async function chat_completion(question) {
             n_keep: n_keep,
             n_predict: 256,
             stop: ["\n### Human:"], // stop completion after generating this
+            grammar,
             stream: true,
         })
     })

examples/server/json-schema-to-grammar.mjs.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
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+  0x65, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x72, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x29, 0x3b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20,
+  0x20, 0x20, 0x7d, 0x20, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x73, 0x65, 0x20, 0x7b, 0x0a, 0x20,
+  0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x69, 0x66, 0x20, 0x28, 0x21, 0x50, 0x52,
+  0x49, 0x4d, 0x49, 0x54, 0x49, 0x56, 0x45, 0x5f, 0x52, 0x55, 0x4c, 0x45,
+  0x53, 0x5b, 0x73, 0x63, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x54, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65,
+  0x5d, 0x29, 0x20, 0x7b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,
+  0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x77, 0x20, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x77, 0x20, 0x45,
+  0x72, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x28, 0x60, 0x55, 0x6e, 0x72, 0x65, 0x63, 0x6f,
+  0x67, 0x6e, 0x69, 0x7a, 0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x73, 0x63, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6d,
+  0x61, 0x3a, 0x20, 0x24, 0x7b, 0x4a, 0x53, 0x4f, 0x4e, 0x2e, 0x73, 0x74,
+  0x72, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x69, 0x66, 0x79, 0x28, 0x73, 0x63, 0x68, 0x65,
+  0x6d, 0x61, 0x29, 0x7d, 0x60, 0x29, 0x3b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,
+  0x20, 0x20, 0x7d, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x72, 0x65,
+  0x74, 0x75, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x69, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x5f, 0x61,
+  0x64, 0x64, 0x52, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x28, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,
+  0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x72, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x4e, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x65,
+  0x20, 0x3d, 0x3d, 0x3d, 0x20, 0x27, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x27, 0x20,
+  0x3f, 0x20, 0x27, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x27, 0x20, 0x3a, 0x20, 0x73,
+  0x63, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x54, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x0a, 0x20,
+  0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x50, 0x52, 0x49, 0x4d, 0x49,
+  0x54, 0x49, 0x56, 0x45, 0x5f, 0x52, 0x55, 0x4c, 0x45, 0x53, 0x5b, 0x73,
+  0x63, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x54, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x5d, 0x0a, 0x20,
+  0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x29, 0x3b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,
+  0x7d, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x7d, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x72,
+  0x6d, 0x61, 0x74, 0x47, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x28, 0x29,
+  0x20, 0x7b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x74, 0x20, 0x67,
+  0x72, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x20, 0x3d, 0x20, 0x27, 0x27, 0x3b,
+  0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x69, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x5f, 0x72,
+  0x75, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x45, 0x61, 0x63, 0x68,
+  0x28, 0x28, 0x72, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x65,
+  0x29, 0x20, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x20, 0x7b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,
+  0x20, 0x67, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x20, 0x2b, 0x3d, 0x20,
+  0x60, 0x24, 0x7b, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x7d, 0x20, 0x3a, 0x3a, 0x3d,
+  0x20, 0x24, 0x7b, 0x72, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x7d, 0x5c, 0x6e, 0x60, 0x3b,
+  0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x7d, 0x29, 0x3b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,
+  0x20, 0x72, 0x65, 0x74, 0x75, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x67, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6d,
+  0x6d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x3b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x7d, 0x0a, 0x7d, 0x0a
+};
+unsigned int json_schema_to_grammar_mjs_len = 3695;

examples/server/public/index.html

@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@
     } from '/index.js';
 
     import { llama } from '/completion.js';
+    import { SchemaConverter } from '/json-schema-to-grammar.mjs';
 
     const session = signal({
       prompt: "This is a conversation between user and llama, a friendly chatbot. respond in simple markdown.",
@@ -166,6 +167,7 @@
       mirostat: 0, // 0/1/2
       mirostat_tau: 5, // target entropy
       mirostat_eta: 0.1, // learning rate
+      grammar: '',
     })
 
     const llamaStats = signal(null)
@@ -304,6 +306,26 @@
       const updateParamsFloat = (el) => params.value = { ...params.value, [el.target.name]: parseFloat(el.target.value) }
       const updateParamsInt = (el) => params.value = { ...params.value, [el.target.name]: Math.floor(parseFloat(el.target.value)) }
 
+      const grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder = signal('')
+      const updateGrammarJsonSchemaPropOrder = (el) => grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder.value = el.target.value
+      const convertJSONSchemaGrammar = () => {
+        try {
+          const schema = JSON.parse(params.value.grammar)
+          const converter = new SchemaConverter(
+            grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder.value
+              .split(',')
+              .reduce((acc, cur, i) => ({...acc, [cur.trim()]: i}), {})
+          )
+          converter.visit(schema, '')
+          params.value = {
+            ...params.value,
+            grammar: converter.formatGrammar(),
+          }
+        } catch (e) {
+          alert(`Convert failed: ${e.message}`)
+        }
+      }
+
       const FloatField = ({label, max, min, name, step, value}) => {
         return html`
           <div>
@@ -355,6 +377,13 @@
               <label for="template">Chat history template</label>
               <textarea id="template" name="historyTemplate" value="${session.value.historyTemplate}" rows=1 oninput=${updateSession}/>
             </div>
+
+            <div>
+              <label for="template">Grammar</label>
+              <textarea id="grammar" name="grammar" placeholder="Use gbnf or JSON Schema+convert" value="${params.value.grammar}" rows=4 oninput=${updateParams}/>
+              <input type="text" name="prop-order" placeholder="order: prop1,prop2,prop3" oninput=${updateGrammarJsonSchemaPropOrder} />
+              <button type="button" onclick=${convertJSONSchemaGrammar}>Convert JSON Schema</button>
+            </div>
           </fieldset>
 
           <fieldset class="two">

examples/server/public/json-schema-to-grammar.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+const SPACE_RULE = '" "?';
+
+const PRIMITIVE_RULES = {
+  boolean: '("true" | "false") space',
+  number: '("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space',
+  integer: '("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) space',
+  string: ` "\\"" (
+        [^"\\\\] |
+        "\\\\" (["\\\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+      )* "\\"" space`,
+  null: '"null" space',
+};
+
+const INVALID_RULE_CHARS_RE = /[^\dA-Za-z-]+/g;
+const GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE = /[\n\r"]/g;
+const GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES = {'\r': '\\r', '\n': '\\n', '"': '\\"'};
+
+export class SchemaConverter {
+  constructor(propOrder) {
+    this._propOrder = propOrder || {};
+    this._rules = new Map();
+    this._rules.set('space', SPACE_RULE);
+  }
+
+  _formatLiteral(literal) {
+    const escaped = JSON.stringify(literal).replace(
+      GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE,
+      m => GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES[m]
+    );
+    return `"${escaped}"`;
+  }
+
+  _addRule(name, rule) {
+    let escName = name.replace(INVALID_RULE_CHARS_RE, '-');
+    let key = escName;
+
+    if (this._rules.has(escName)) {
+      if (this._rules.get(escName) === rule) {
+        return key;
+      }
+
+      let i = 0;
+      while (this._rules.has(`${escName}${i}`)) {
+        i += 1;
+      }
+      key = `${escName}${i}`;
+    }
+
+    this._rules.set(key, rule);
+    return key;
+  }
+
+  visit(schema, name) {
+    const schemaType = schema.type;
+    const ruleName = name || 'root';
+
+    if (schema.oneOf || schema.anyOf) {
+      const rule = (schema.oneOf || schema.anyOf).map((altSchema, i) =>
+        this.visit(altSchema, `${name}${name ? "-" : ""}${i}`)
+      ).join(' | ');
+
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+    } else if ('const' in schema) {
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, this._formatLiteral(schema.const));
+    } else if ('enum' in schema) {
+      const rule = schema.enum.map(v => this._formatLiteral(v)).join(' | ');
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+    } else if (schemaType === 'object' && 'properties' in schema) {
+      // TODO: `required` keyword (from python implementation)
+      const propOrder = this._propOrder;
+      const propPairs = Object.entries(schema.properties).sort((a, b) => {
+        // sort by position in prop_order (if specified) then by key
+        const orderA = typeof propOrder[a[0]] === 'number' ? propOrder[a[0]] : Infinity;
+        const orderB = typeof propOrder[b[0]] === 'number' ? propOrder[b[0]] : Infinity;
+        return orderA - orderB || a[0].localeCompare(b[0]);
+      });
+
+      let rule = '"{" space';
+      propPairs.forEach(([propName, propSchema], i) => {
+        const propRuleName = this.visit(propSchema, `${name}${name ? "-" : ""}${propName}`);
+        if (i > 0) {
+          rule += ' "," space';
+        }
+        rule += ` ${this._formatLiteral(propName)} space ":" space ${propRuleName}`;
+      });
+      rule += ' "}" space';
+
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+    } else if (schemaType === 'array' && 'items' in schema) {
+      // TODO `prefixItems` keyword (from python implementation)
+      const itemRuleName = this.visit(schema.items, `${name}${name ? "-" : ""}item`);
+      const rule = `"[" space (${itemRuleName} ("," space ${itemRuleName})*)? "]" space`;
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+    } else {
+      if (!PRIMITIVE_RULES[schemaType]) {
+        throw new Error(`Unrecognized schema: ${JSON.stringify(schema)}`);
+      }
+      return this._addRule(
+        ruleName === 'root' ? 'root' : schemaType,
+        PRIMITIVE_RULES[schemaType]
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  formatGrammar() {
+    let grammar = '';
+    this._rules.forEach((rule, name) => {
+      grammar += `${name} ::= ${rule}\n`;
+    });
+    return grammar;
+  }
+}

llama-util.h

@@ -271,20 +271,29 @@ struct llama_mmap {
             throw std::runtime_error(format("MapViewOfFile failed: %s", llama_format_win_err(error).c_str()));
         }
 
-        #if _WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8
         if (prefetch) {
-            // Advise the kernel to preload the mapped memory
-            WIN32_MEMORY_RANGE_ENTRY range;
-            range.VirtualAddress = addr;
-            range.NumberOfBytes = (SIZE_T)size;
-            if (!PrefetchVirtualMemory(GetCurrentProcess(), 1, &range, 0)) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "warning: PrefetchVirtualMemory failed: %s\n",
-                        llama_format_win_err(GetLastError()).c_str());
+            // The PrefetchVirtualMemory API is only present on Windows 8 and above, so we
+            // will dynamically load it using GetProcAddress.
+            BOOL (WINAPI *pPrefetchVirtualMemory) (HANDLE, ULONG_PTR, PWIN32_MEMORY_RANGE_ENTRY, ULONG);
+            HMODULE hKernel32;
+
+            // This call is guaranteed to succeed.
+            hKernel32 = GetModuleHandleW(L"kernel32.dll");
+
+            // This call may fail if on a pre-Win8 system.
+            pPrefetchVirtualMemory = reinterpret_cast<decltype(pPrefetchVirtualMemory)> (GetProcAddress(hKernel32, "PrefetchVirtualMemory"));
+
+            if (pPrefetchVirtualMemory) {
+                // Advise the kernel to preload the mapped memory.
+                WIN32_MEMORY_RANGE_ENTRY range;
+                range.VirtualAddress = addr;
+                range.NumberOfBytes = (SIZE_T)size;
+                if (!pPrefetchVirtualMemory(GetCurrentProcess(), 1, &range, 0)) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "warning: PrefetchVirtualMemory failed: %s\n",
+                            llama_format_win_err(GetLastError()).c_str());
+                }
             }
         }
-        #else
-        #pragma message("warning: You are building for pre-Windows 8; prefetch not supported")
-        #endif // _WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8
     }
 
     ~llama_mmap() {

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -11,5 +11,6 @@ llama_add_test(test-quantize-fns.cpp)
 llama_add_test(test-quantize-perf.cpp)
 llama_add_test(test-sampling.cpp)
 llama_add_test(test-tokenizer-0.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab.bin)
+llama_add_test(test-grammar-parser.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../examples/grammar-parser.cpp)
 llama_add_test(test-grad0.cpp) # SLOW
 # llama_add_test(test-opt.cpp) # SLOW

tests/test-grammar-parser.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+#undef NDEBUG
+#endif
+
+#include "llama.h"
+#include "examples/grammar-parser.cpp"
+#include <cassert>
+
+int main()
+{
+    grammar_parser::parse_state parsed_grammar;
+
+    const char *grammar_bytes = R"""(root  ::= (expr "=" term "\n")+
+expr  ::= term ([-+*/] term)*
+term  ::= [0-9]+)""";
+
+    parsed_grammar = grammar_parser::parse(grammar_bytes);
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, uint32_t>> expected = {
+        {"expr", 2},
+        {"expr_5", 5},
+        {"expr_6", 6},
+        {"root", 0},
+        {"root_1", 1},
+        {"root_4", 4},
+        {"term", 3},
+        {"term_7", 7},
+    };
+
+    uint32_t index = 0;
+    for (auto it = parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.begin(); it != parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        std::string key = it->first;
+        uint32_t value = it->second;
+        std::pair<std::string, uint32_t> expected_pair = expected[index];
+
+        // pretty print error message before asserting
+        if (expected_pair.first != key || expected_pair.second != value)
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "expected_pair: %s, %d\n", expected_pair.first.c_str(), expected_pair.second);
+            fprintf(stderr, "actual_pair: %s, %d\n", key.c_str(), value);
+            fprintf(stderr, "expected_pair != actual_pair\n");
+        }
+
+        assert(expected_pair.first == key && expected_pair.second == value);
+
+        index++;
+    }
+    std::vector<llama_grammar_element> expected_rules = {
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 2},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 10},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 6},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 1},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 1},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 45},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 43},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 42},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 47},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 6},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+    };
+
+    index = 0;
+    for (auto rule : parsed_grammar.rules)
+    {
+        // compare rule to expected rule
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < rule.size(); i++)
+        {
+            llama_grammar_element element = rule[i];
+            llama_grammar_element expected_element = expected_rules[index];
+
+            // pretty print error message before asserting
+            if (expected_element.type != element.type || expected_element.value != element.value)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "index: %d\n", index);
+                fprintf(stderr, "expected_element: %d, %d\n", expected_element.type, expected_element.value);
+                fprintf(stderr, "actual_element: %d, %d\n", element.type, element.value);
+                fprintf(stderr, "expected_element != actual_element\n");
+            }
+
+            assert(expected_element.type == element.type && expected_element.value == element.value);
+            index++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const char *longer_grammar_bytes = R"""(
+    root  ::= (expr "=" ws term "\n")+
+    expr  ::= term ([-+*/] term)*
+    term  ::= ident | num | "(" ws expr ")" ws
+    ident ::= [a-z] [a-z0-9_]* ws
+    num   ::= [0-9]+ ws
+    ws    ::= [ \t\n]*
+    )""";
+
+    parsed_grammar = grammar_parser::parse(longer_grammar_bytes);
+
+    expected = {
+        {"expr", 2},
+        {"expr_6", 6},
+        {"expr_7", 7},
+        {"ident", 8},
+        {"ident_10", 10},
+        {"num", 9},
+        {"num_11", 11},
+        {"root", 0},
+        {"root_1", 1},
+        {"root_5", 5},
+        {"term", 4},
+        {"ws", 3},
+        {"ws_12", 12},
+    };
+
+    index = 0;
+    for (auto it = parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.begin(); it != parsed_grammar.symbol_ids.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        std::string key = it->first;
+        uint32_t value = it->second;
+        std::pair<std::string, uint32_t> expected_pair = expected[index];
+
+        // pretty print error message before asserting
+        if (expected_pair.first != key || expected_pair.second != value)
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "expected_pair: %s, %d\n", expected_pair.first.c_str(), expected_pair.second);
+            fprintf(stderr, "actual_pair: %s, %d\n", key.c_str(), value);
+            fprintf(stderr, "expected_pair != actual_pair\n");
+        }
+
+        assert(expected_pair.first == key && expected_pair.second == value);
+
+        index++;
+    }
+    expected_rules = {
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 2},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 61},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 10},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 12},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 8},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 9},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 40},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 2},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 41},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 1},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 5},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 1},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 45},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 43},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 42},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 47},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 4},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 6},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 7},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 97},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 122},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 10},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 11},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 3},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 97},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 122},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 48},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 95},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 10},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 11},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 48},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_RNG_UPPER, 57},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR, 32},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 9},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_CHAR_ALT, 10},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_RULE_REF, 12},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_ALT, 0},
+        {LLAMA_GRETYPE_END, 0},
+    };
+
+    index = 0;
+    for (auto rule : parsed_grammar.rules)
+    {
+        // compare rule to expected rule
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < rule.size(); i++)
+        {
+            llama_grammar_element element = rule[i];
+            llama_grammar_element expected_element = expected_rules[index];
+
+            // pretty print error message before asserting
+            if (expected_element.type != element.type || expected_element.value != element.value)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "index: %d\n", index);
+                fprintf(stderr, "expected_element: %d, %d\n", expected_element.type, expected_element.value);
+                fprintf(stderr, "actual_element: %d, %d\n", element.type, element.value);
+                fprintf(stderr, "expected_element != actual_element\n");
+            }
+
+            assert(expected_element.type == element.type && expected_element.value == element.value);
+            index++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}